The increasing interdependence and integration of economies through the expansion of trade, investment, technology, and information flows. This process has strongly been driven by the emergence of global value chains, which have reshaped the architecture of trade through the sharing of production processes at an international level.

Collection of data from individuals, households, and establishments through structured questionnaires or interviews. Can be conducted in various formats, such as the traditional pen-and-paper interviewing or computer-assisted interviewing (e.g., face-to-face interview using an electronic device, phone interview, or web interviews). Surveys are commonly used to gather demographic information, socioeconomic status, or perspective from a target group.