Estimates of the midyear de facto population. De facto population includes all persons physically present in the economy during the census day, including foreign, military, and diplomatic personnel and their accompanying household members; and transient foreign visitors in the economy or in harbors.

Note: Some economies have population data referenced to different period end points (e.g., 1 January for the Kyrgyz Republic, 31 December for the People’s Republic of China, and 1 October for India).

Population divided by the surface area.

Number of people added to (or subtracted from) a population over a given period of time because of natural increase and net migration, expressed as a percentage of the population at the given period of time.

Population living in urban areas, defined in accordance with the national definition or as used in the most recent population census. Because of national differences in the characteristics that distinguish urban from rural areas, the distinction between urban and rural populations is not amenable to a single definition that would be applicable to all economies. National definitions are most commonly based on size of locality. Population that is not urban is considered rural.

The estimated population living in urban areas at midyear as a percentage of the total midyear population in an economy.

The labor force is the sum of those employed and unemployed but seeking work.

All persons of working age engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit during a short reference period, whether 'at work' or 'not at work' due to temporary absence or working-time arrangements.

Employment in agriculture, including forestry and fishing, that corresponds to division 1 (International Standard of Industrial Classification [ISIC] revision 2), tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3), and category A of ISIC revision 4.

Employment in mining and quarrying that corresponds to division 2 (ISIC revision 2), tabulation category C (ISIC revision 3), and category B of ISIC revision 4.

Employment in manufacturing that corresponds to division 3 (ISIC revision 2), tabulation category D (ISIC revision 3), and category C of ISIC revision 4.

Employment in electricity, gas, steam, and air-conditioning supply; water supply; sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities that corresponds to division 4 (ISIC revision 2), tabulation category E (ISIC revision 3), and categories D and E of ISIC revision 4.

Employment in construction that corresponds to division 5 (ISIC revision 2), tabulation category F (ISIC revisions 3), and category F of ISIC revision 4.

Employment in wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles that corresponds to division 6 (subdivisions 61 and 62, ISIC revision 2); tabulation category G (ISIC revision 3); and category G of ISIC revision 4.

Employment in transport and storage that corresponds to division 7 (subdivision 71, ISIC revision 2); tabulation category I (subcategories 60–63, ISIC revision 3); and category H of ISIC revision 4.

Employment in accommodation and food service activities that corresponds to division 6 (subdivision 63, ISIC revision 2); tabulation category H (ISIC revision 3); and category I of ISIC revision 4.

Employment in information and communication that corresponds to division 7 (subdivision 72, ISIC revision 2); tabulation category I (subcategory 64, ISIC revision 3); and category J of ISIC revision 4.

Employment in financial and insurance activities that corresponds to division 8 (subdivisions 81–82, ISIC revision 2), tabulation category J (ISIC revision 3), and category K of ISIC revision 4.

Employment in real estate activities that corresponds to division 8 (subdivision 83, ISIC revision 2); tabulation category K (subcategory 70, ISIC revision 3); and category L of ISIC revision 4.

Employment in other services that corresponds to divisions 9 and 0 (ISIC revision 2), tabulation categories L to Q (ISIC revision 3), and categories M to U of ISIC revision 4.

Persons in time-related underemployment comprise all persons in employment who satisfy the following three criteria during the reference period: a) are willing to work additional hours; b) are available to work additional hours i.e., are ready, within a specified subsequent period, to work additional hours given opportunities for additional work; and c) worked less than a threshold relating to working time (i.e., persons whose hours actually worked in all jobs during the reference period were below a threshold, to be chosen according to national circumstances).

The time-related underemployment rate is calculated as follows:

TRU (%) = Persons in time-related underemployment / Persons employed x 100

Unemployed persons are defined as all those of working age (usually persons aged 15 and above) who were not in employment, carried out activities to seek employment during a specified recent period, and were currently available to take up employment given a job opportunity, where:

(i) “not in employment” is assessed with respect to the short reference period for the measurement of employment;

(ii) to “seek employment” refers to any activity when carried out, during a specified recent period comprising the past 4 weeks or 1 month, for the purpose of finding a job or setting up a business or agricultural undertaking;

(iii) the point when the enterprise starts to exist should be used to distinguish between search activities aimed at setting up a business and the work activity itself, as evidenced by the enterprise’s registration to operate or by when financial resources become available, the necessary infrastructure or materials are in place, or the first client or order is received, depending on the context; and

(iv) “currently available” serves as a test of readiness to start a job in the present, assessed with respect to a short reference period comprising that used to measure employment (depending on national circumstances, the reference period may be extended to include a short subsequent period not exceeding 2 weeks in total, so as to ensure adequate coverage of unemployment situations among different population groups).

Percentage of the labor force to the working-age population. The labor force is the sum of those employed and unemployed but seeking work. The labor force participation rate measures the extent of the economically active working-age population in an economy.

It provides an indication of the relative size of the supply of labor available for the production of goods and services in the economy. It must be noted that the definition of working-age population varies across economies.

Note: Recommendations from the 19th International Conference of Labour Statisticians have been adopted by some economies, and hence these economies may not have comparable data across years. The conference provides the statistical concept of work for reference purposes; and the operational concepts, definitions, and guidelines for (i) three distinct subsets of work activities, referred to as forms of work, which include own-use production work, employment work, and volunteer work; (ii) related classifications of the population according to their labor force status and main work status; and (iii) measures of labor underutilization. The concept of employment has also been refined to refer to work for pay or profit.

Percentage of the labor force (male) to the working-age population. The labor force is the sum of those employed and unemployed but seeking work. The labor force participation rate measures the extent of the economically active working-age population in an economy.

Percentage of the labor force (female) to the working-age population. The labor force is the sum of those employed and unemployed but seeking work. The labor force participation rate measures the extent of the economically active working-age population in an economy.

Number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants over a period, divided by the person-years lived by the population of the receiving economy over that period. It is expressed as net number of migrants per 1,000 population.

Percentage of annual population (i.e. de facto population as of 1 July of the year indicated) aged 0–14 years to total population (i.e. the de facto population in an economy, area or region as of 1 July of the year indicated).

Percentage of annual population (i.e. de facto population as of 1 July of the year indicated) aged 15–64 years to total population (i.e. the de facto population in an economy, area or region as of 1 July of the year indicated).

Percentage of annual population (i.e. de facto population as of 1 July of the year indicated) aged 65 years and older to total population (i.e. the de facto population in an economy, area or region as of 1 July of the year indicated).

Ratio of the nonworking-age population to the working-age population. Since economies define working age differently, a straightforward application of the definition will lead to noncomparable data. The Asian Development Bank therefore uses the following United Nations definition that can be calculated directly from an age distribution:

Population aged (0-14) + (65 and over) years / Population aged (15-64) years x 100

Employment in agriculture, including forestry and fishing, that corresponds to division 1 (International Standard of Industrial Classification [ISIC] revision 2), tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3), and category A of ISIC revision 4.

Employment in industry includes mining and quarrying; manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam, and air-conditioning supply; water supply; sewage, waste management, and remediation activities; and construction.

Percentage of employment in service to total employment. Employment in service includes wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; accommodation and food service activities; transportation and storage; information and communication; financial and insurance activities; real estate activities; and other services.

Percentage of the population living on less than $2.15 a day at 2017 purchasing power parity (PPP).

Percentage of the population living on less than $3.65 a day at 2017 PPP.

Income or consumption share that accrues to the richest 20% of the population, divided by the income or consumption share of the lowest 20% of the population.

Measure of the degree to which an economy’s income distribution diverges from perfect equal distribution. A value of zero (0) implies perfect equality while a value of one (1) implies perfect inequality.

Composite index of long and healthy life (measured by life expectancy at birth), knowledge (measured by expected years of schooling and mean years of schooling), and decent standard of living (measured by gross national income per capita in United States [US] PPP dollars).

Number of years that a newborn is expected to live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of his or her birth are to stay the same throughout his or her life.

Number of years that a newborn (female) is expected to live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of her birth are to stay the same throughout her life.

Number of years that a newborn (male) is expected to live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of his birth are to stay the same throughout his life.

Ratio of the total number of live births in a given period to the midyear total population of the same period, expressed per 1,000 people.

Ratio of the number of deaths occurring within a given period to the midyear total population of the same period, expressed per 1,000 people.

Number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with current age-specific fertility rates.

The percentage of the population aged 15 years and older who can both read and write (with understanding) a short simple statement on his or her everyday life. Generally, literacy also encompasses numeracy, i.e., the ability to make simple arithmetic calculations.

The percentage of the population (female) aged 15 years and older who can both read and write (with understanding) a short simple statement on her everyday life. Generally, literacy also encompasses numeracy, i.e., the ability to make simple arithmetic calculations.

The percentage of the population (male) aged 15 years and older who can both read and write (with understanding) a short simple statement on his everyday life. Generally, literacy also encompasses numeracy, i.e., the ability to make simple arithmetic calculations.

Physicians, including general and specialist medical practitioners, expressed in terms of the number per 1,000 people.

In-patient beds for both acute and chronic care available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centers expressed in terms of the number per 1,000 people.

All adults, defined as men and women aged 15 years and older, with HIV infection, whether or not they have developed symptoms of AIDS, estimated to be alive at the end of a specific year.

Adult women, defined as women aged 15 years and older, with HIV infection, whether or not they have developed symptoms of AIDS, estimated to be alive at the end of a specific year.

Number of years a person of school entrance age can expect to spend within the specified level of education (from primary to tertiary level).

Number of years a person (female) of school entrance age can expect to spend within the specified level of education (from primary to tertiary level).

Number of years a person (male) of school entrance age can expect to spend within the specified level of education (from primary to tertiary level).

Average number of completed years of education of an economy's population aged 25 years and older, excluding years spent repeating individual grades.

Average number of completed years of education of an economy's population (female) aged 25 years and older, excluding years spent repeating individual grades.

Average number of completed years of education of an economy's population (male) aged 25 years and older, excluding years spent repeating individual grades.

The total number of pupils and students in the relevant level in a given academic year expressed as a percentage of the number of trained teachers in the same level in that academic year. A trained teacher has fulfilled at least the minimum organized pedagogical teacher-training requirements (pre-service or in-service) to teach a specific level of education according to the relevant national policy or law. The higher the pupil to trained teacher ratio, the lower the relative access of pupils to trained teachers. Results can be compared with established national norms on the number of pupils per trained teacher for each level of education.

The total number of pupils and students in the relevant level in a given academic year expressed as a percentage of the number of trained teachers in the same level in that academic year. A trained teacher has fulfilled at least the minimum organized pedagogical teacher-training requirements (pre-service or in-service) to teach a specific level of education according to the relevant national policy or law. The higher the pupil to trained teacher ratio, the lower the relative access of pupils to trained teachers. Results can be compared with established national norms on the number of pupils per trained teacher for each level of education.

The total number of pupils and students in the relevant level in a given academic year expressed as a percentage of the number of qualified teachers in the same level in that academic year. A qualified teacher has the minimum academic qualifications necessary to teach at a specific level of education in a given economy. This is usually related to the subject(s) they teach. The higher the pupil to qualified teacher ratio, the lower the relative access of pupils to qualified teachers.  

The total number of pupils and students in the relevant level in a given academic year expressed as a percentage of the number of qualified teachers in the same level in that academic year. A qualified teacher has the minimum academic qualifications necessary to teach at a specific level of education in a given economy. This is usually related to the subject(s) they teach. The higher the pupil to qualified teacher ratio, the lower the relative access of pupils to qualified teachers.  

Unduplicated market value of the total production activity of all resident producer units within the economic territory of an economy during a given period. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Transfer payments are excluded from the calculation of gross domestic product (GDP). GDP can be calculated using the production, expenditure, and income approaches.

Production-based GDP is the sum of the gross value added by all resident producers in the economy, plus any taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. Gross value-added is the net output of an industry after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs.

Income-based GDP is the sum of the compensation of employees, mixed income, operating surplus, consumption of fixed capital, and taxes, less subsidies on production and imports.

Expenditure-based GDP is the sum of final consumption expenditure of households, nonprofit institutions serving households, and the government; gross capital formation; and exports minus imports of goods and services.

GDP can be measured at current prices (the prices of the current reporting period), and constant prices (obtained by expressing values in terms of a base period and chain volume measure).

Gross value added at basic prices is output valued at basic prices less intermediate consumption valued at purchasers' prices.

The gross output of the agriculture sector, less the corresponding value of intermediate consumption. The industrial origin of value-added is determined by ISIC revision 4, where agriculture corresponds to ISIC Section A and includes agriculture, forestry, and fishing.

Mining and quarrying represents the economic activities of Section B Mining and quarrying (see ISIC Rev 4).

Manufacturing represents the economic activities of Section C Manufacturing (see ISIC Rev 4).

Electricity, gas, steam, and air-conditioning supply represents the economic activities of Section D Electricity, gas, steam, and air-conditioning supply (see ISIC Rev 4).

Water supply; sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities represents the economic activities of Section E Water supply; sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities (see ISIC Rev 4).

Construction represents the economic activities of Section F Construction (see ISIC Rev 4).

Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles represents the economic activities of Section G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (see ISIC Rev 4).

Transport and storage represents the economic activities of Section H Transport and storage (see ISIC Rev 4).

Accommodation and food service activities represents the economic activities of Section I Accommodation and food service activities (see ISIC Rev 4).

Information and communication represents the economic activities of Section J Information and communication (see ISIC Rev 4).

Financial and insurance activities represents the economic activities of Section K Financial and insurance activities (see ISIC Rev 4).

Real estates activities represents the economic activities of Section L Real estates activities (see ISIC Rev 4).

Professional, scientific, and technical activities represents the economic activities of Section M Professional, scientific, and technical activities (see ISIC Rev 4).

Administrative and support service activities represents the economic activities of Section N Administrative and support service activities (see ISIC Rev 4).

Public administration and defense; compulsory social security represents the economic activities of Section O Public administration and defense; compulsory social security (see ISIC Rev 4).

Education represents the economic activities of Section P Education (see ISIC Rev 4).

Human health and social work activities represents the economic activities of Section Q Human health and social work activities (see ISIC Rev 4).

Arts, entertainment, and recreation represents the economic activities of Section R Arts, entertainment, and recreation (see ISIC Rev 4).

Other service activities constitute Section S Other service activities (see ISIC Rev 4).

Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of households for own use represents the economic activities of Section T Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of households for own use (see ISIC Rev 4).

Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies represents the economic activities of Section U Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies (see ISIC Rev 4).

Financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM) is an indirect measure of the value of financial intermediation services provided but for which financial institutions do not charge explicitly.

Taxes on production and imports consist of taxes payable on goods and services when they are produced, delivered, sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of by their producers plus taxes and duties on imports that become payable when goods enter the economic territory by crossing the frontier or when services are delivered to resident units by non-resident units; they also include other taxes on production, which consist mainly of taxes on the ownership or use of land, buildings or other assets used in production or on the labour employed, or compensation of employees paid.

Taxes and duties on imports, excluding VAT, consist of taxes on goods and services that become payable at the moment when the goods cross the national or customs frontiers of the economic territory or when the services are delivered by non-resident producers to resident institutional units.

Taxes on production consist of taxes payable on goods and services when they are produced, delivered, sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of by their producers plus other taxes on production, consisting mainly of taxes on the ownership or use of land, buildings or other assets used in production or on the labour employed, or compensation of employees paid.

Other subsidies on production consist of subsidies, except subsidies on products, which resident enterprises may receive as a consequence of engaging in production (e.g. subsidies on payroll or workforce or subsidies to reduce pollution).

Import duties consist of customs duties, or other import charges, which are payable on goods of a particular type when they enter the economic territory.

A value added tax (VAT) is a tax on products collected in stages by enterprises; it is a wide-ranging tax usually designed to cover most or all goods and services but producers are obliged to pay to government only the difference between the VAT on their sales and the VAT on their purchases for intermediate consumption or capital formation, while VAT is not usually charged on sales to non-residents (i.e. exports).

Net income from abroad is the difference between the total values of the primary incomes receivable from, and payable to, non-residents.

GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output, plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad.

The gross output of the agriculture sector, less the corresponding value of intermediate consumption. The industrial origin of value-added is determined by ISIC revision 4, where agriculture corresponds to ISIC Section A and includes agriculture, forestry, and fishing.

The gross output of industry sectors, less the corresponding value of intermediate consumption. The industrial origin of value-added is determined by ISIC revision 4, where industry corresponds to ISIC Sections B-F and includes mining and quarrying (B); manufacturing (C); electricity, gas, steam, and air-conditioning supply (D); water supply; sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities (E); and construction (F).

The gross output of services sectors, less the corresponding value of intermediate consumption. The industrial origin of value-added is determined by ISIC revision 4, where services corresponds to ISIC Sections G-U and includes wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (G); transport and storage (H); accommodation and food service activities (I); information and communication (J); financial and insurance activities (K); real estate activities (L); professional, scientific, and technical activities (M); administrative and support service activities (N); public administration and defense; compulsory social security (O); education (P); human health and social work activities (Q); arts, entertainment, and recreation (R); other service activities (S); activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of households for own use (T); and activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies (U).

Unduplicated market value of the total production activity of all resident producer units within the economic territory of an economy during a given period. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Transfer payments are excluded from the calculation of gross domestic product (GDP). GDP can be calculated using the production, expenditure, and income approaches.

Production-based GDP is the sum of the gross value-added by all resident producers in the economy, plus any taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. Gross value-added is the net output of an industry after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs.

Income-based GDP is the sum of the compensation of employees, mixed income, operating surplus, consumption of fixed capital, and taxes, less subsidies on production and imports.

Expenditure-based GDP is the sum of final consumption expenditure of households, nonprofit institutions serving households, and the government; gross capital formation; and exports minus imports of goods and services.

GDP can be measured at current prices (the prices of the current reporting period), and constant prices (obtained by expressing values in terms of a base period and chain volume measure).

Final consumption expenditure consists of household final consumption expenditure, government final consumption expenditure and final consumption expenditure of NPISH's.

Market value of all goods and services, including durable products (such as cars, washing machines, and home computers), purchased or received as income in kind by households. It excludes purchases of dwellings but includes imputed rent for owner-occupied dwellings. It also includes payments and fees to governments to obtain permits and licenses. The expenditure of nonprofit institutions serving households is generally included for most economies.

Final consumption expenditure of NPISHs consists of the expenditure, including imputed expenditure, incurred by resident NPISHs on individual consumption goods and services.

Includes all current outlays on purchases of goods and services (including wages and salaries of government employees). It also includes most expenditure on national defense and security but excludes government military expenditures that are part of public investment.

Total value of gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories, and acquisitions less disposals of valuables. Gross fixed capital formation is the total value of a producer’s acquisitions, less disposals, of tangible goods (such as buildings) and intangible goods (such as computer software) that are intended for use in production during several accounting periods, plus certain specified expenditure on services that adds to the value of non-produced assets. Changes in inventories are changes in stocks of produced goods and goods for intermediate consumption, and the net increase in the value of work in progress. Valuables are goods (such as precious metals and works of art) that are not used up in production but are acquired as stores of value in the expectation that they will retain or increase their value over time.

Gross fixed capital formation is measured by the total value of a producer’s acquisitions, less disposals, of fixed assets during the accounting period plus certain additions to the value of non-produced assets (such as subsoil assets or major improvements in the quantity, quality or productivity of land) realised by the productive activity of institutional units.

Changes in inventories (including work-in-progress) consist of changes in: (a) stocks of outputs that are still held by the units that produced them prior to their being further processed, sold, delivered to other units or used in other ways; and (b) stocks of products acquired from other units that are intended to be used for intermediate consumption or for resale without further processing; they are measured by the value of the entries into inventories less the value of withdrawals and the value of any recurrent losses of goods held in inventories.

Consist of sales, bartering, or gifts or grants of goods and services from residents to nonresidents. The treatment of exports in the System of National Accounts is generally identical with that in the balance of payments accounts as described in the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual.

Consist of sales, bartering, or gifts or grants of goods from residents to nonresidents. The treatment of exports in the System of National Accounts is generally identical with that in the balance of payments accounts as described in the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual.

Consist of sales, bartering, or gifts or grants of services from residents to nonresidents. The treatment of exports in the System of National Accounts is generally identical with that in the balance of payments accounts as described in the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual.

Consist of purchases, bartering, or receipts of gifts or grants of goods and services by residents from nonresidents. The treatment of imports in the System of National Accounts is generally identical to that in the balance of payments accounts as described in the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual.

Consist of purchases, bartering, or receipts of gifts or grants of goods by residents from nonresidents. The treatment of imports in the System of National Accounts is generally identical to that in the balance of payments accounts as described in the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual.

Consist of purchases, bartering, or receipts of gifts or grants of services by residents from nonresidents. The treatment of imports in the System of National Accounts is generally identical to that in the balance of payments accounts as described in the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual.

Household final consumption expenditure as percent of GDP.

Household consumption expenditure refers to the market value of all goods and services, including durable products (such as cars, washing machines, and home computers), purchased or received as income in kind by households. It excludes purchases of dwellings but includes imputed rent for owner-occupied dwellings. It also includes payments and fees to governments to obtain permits and licenses. The expenditure of nonprofit institutions serving households is generally included for most economies.

Government final consumption expenditure as percent of GDP.

Government consumption expenditure includes all current outlays on purchases of goods and services (including wages and salaries of government employees). It also includes most expenditure on national defense and security but excludes government military expenditures that are part of public investment.

Gross capital formation as percent of GDP.

Gross capital formation refers to the total value of gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories, and acquisitions less disposals of valuables. Gross fixed capital formation is the total value of a producer’s acquisitions, less disposals, of tangible goods (such as buildings) and intangible goods (such as computer software) that are intended for use in production during several accounting periods, plus certain specified expenditure on services that adds to the value of non-produced assets. Changes in inventories are changes in stocks of produced goods and goods for intermediate consumption, and the net increase in the value of work in progress. Valuables are goods (such as precious metals and works of art) that are not used up in production but are acquired as stores of value in the expectation that they will retain or increase their value over time.

Changes in inventories as percent of GDP.

Changes in inventories (including work-in-progress) consist of changes in: (a) stocks of outputs that are still held by the units that produced them prior to their being further processed, sold, delivered to other units or used in other ways; and (b) stocks of products acquired from other units that are intended to be used for intermediate consumption or for resale without further processing; they are measured by the value of the entries into inventories less the value of withdrawals and the value of any recurrent losses of goods held in inventories.

Exports of goods and services as percent of GDP.

Exports of goods and services consist of sales, bartering, or gifts or grants of goods and services from residents to nonresidents. The treatment of exports in the System of National Accounts is generally identical with that in the balance of payments accounts as described in the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual.

Imports of goods and services as percent of GDP.

Imports of goods and services consist of purchases, bartering, or receipts of gifts or grants of goods and services by residents from nonresidents. The treatment of imports in the System of National Accounts is generally identical to that in the balance of payments accounts as described in the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual.

Annual percentage growth rate of Gross domestic product based on constant prices.

Gross domestic product refers to the unduplicated market value of the total production activity of all resident producer units within the economic territory of an economy during a given period. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Transfer payments are excluded from the calculation of gross domestic product (GDP). GDP can be calculated using the production, expenditure, and income approaches.

Production-based GDP is the sum of the gross value-added by all resident producers in the economy, plus any taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. Gross value-added is the net output of an industry after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs.

Income-based GDP is the sum of the compensation of employees, mixed income, operating surplus, consumption of fixed capital, and taxes, less subsidies on production and imports.

Expenditure-based GDP is the sum of final consumption expenditure of households, nonprofit institutions serving households, and the government; gross capital formation; and exports minus imports of goods and services.

GDP can be measured at current prices (the prices of the current reporting period), and constant prices (obtained by expressing values in terms of a base period and chain volume measure).

Annual percentage growth rate of agricultural sector based on constant prices.

Agriculture value-added refers to the gross output of the agriculture sector, less the corresponding value of intermediate consumption. The industrial origin of value-added is determined by ISIC revision 4, where agriculture corresponds to ISIC Section A and includes agriculture, forestry, and fishing.

Annual percentage growth rate of industry sector based on constant prices.

Industry value-added refers to the gross output of industry sectors, less the corresponding value of intermediate consumption. The industrial origin of value-added is determined by ISIC revision 4, where industry corresponds to ISIC Sections B-F and includes mining and quarrying (B); manufacturing (C); electricity, gas, steam, and air-conditioning supply (D); water supply; sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities (E); and construction (F).

Annual percentage growth rate of services sector based on constant prices.

Services value-added refers to the gross output of services sectors, less the corresponding value of intermediate consumption. The industrial origin of value-added is determined by ISIC revision 4, where services corresponds to ISIC Sections G-U and includes wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (G); transport and storage (H); accommodation and food service activities (I); information and communication (J); financial and insurance activities (K); real estate activities (L); professional, scientific, and technical activities (M); administrative and support service activities (N); public administration and defense; compulsory social security (O); education (P); human health and social work activities (Q); arts, entertainment, and recreation (R); other service activities (S); activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of households for own use (T); and activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies (U).

Annual percentage growth rate of household final consumption based on constant prices.

Household consumption expenditure refers to the market value of all goods and services, including durable products (such as cars, washing machines, and home computers), purchased or received as income in kind by households. It excludes purchases of dwellings but includes imputed rent for owner-occupied dwellings. It also includes payments and fees to governments to obtain permits and licenses. The expenditure of nonprofit institutions serving households is generally included for most economies.

Annual percentage growth rate of government final consumption based on constant prices.

Government consumption expenditure includes all current outlays on purchases of goods and services (including wages and salaries of government employees). It also includes most expenditure on national defense and security but excludes government military expenditures that are part of public investment.

Annual percentage growth rate of gross capital formation based on constant prices.

Gross capital formation refers to the total value of gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories, and acquisitions less disposals of valuables. Gross fixed capital formation is the total value of a producer’s acquisitions, less disposals, of tangible goods (such as buildings) and intangible goods (such as computer software) that are intended for use in production during several accounting periods, plus certain specified expenditure on services that adds to the value of non-produced assets. Changes in inventories are changes in stocks of produced goods and goods for intermediate consumption, and the net increase in the value of work in progress. Valuables are goods (such as precious metals and works of art) that are not used up in production but are acquired as stores of value in the expectation that they will retain or increase their value over time.

Annual percentage growth rate of exports of goods and services based on constant prices.

Exports of goods and services consist of sales, bartering, or gifts or grants of goods and services from residents to nonresidents. The treatment of exports in the System of National Accounts is generally identical with that in the balance of payments accounts as described in the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual.

Annual percentage growth rate of imports of goods and services based on constant prices.

Imports of goods and services consist of purchases, bartering, or receipts of gifts or grants of goods and services by residents from nonresidents. The treatment of imports in the System of National Accounts is generally identical to that in the balance of payments accounts as described in the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual.

Gross national saving refers to gross national income less total consumption, plus net transfers.

Difference between GDP and final consumption expenditure, where final consumption expenditure is the sum of the final consumption of household, nonprofit institutions serving households, and the government.

Net income from abroad is the difference between the total values of the primary incomes receivable from, and payable to, non-residents.

Gross domestic saving as percent of GDP.

Gross domestic saving refers to the difference between GDP and final consumption expenditure, where final consumption expenditure is the sum of the final consumption of household, nonprofit institutions serving households, and the government.

Gross national saving as percent of GDP.

Gross national saving refers to gross national income less total consumption, plus net transfers.

GDP at current prices, divided by the midyear population.

GNI at current prices, divided by the midyear population.

GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output, plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad.

Relative level of the aggregate volume of agricultural production for each year in comparison with the base period. It is based on the sum of price-weighted quantities of different agricultural commodities produced.

An index covering production in mining, manufacturing and public utilities (electricity, gas and water), but excluding construction.

An index covering production in mining.

An index covering production in manufacturing. The exact coverage, the weighting system, and the methods of calculation vary from economy to economy, but the divergences are less important than, for example, in the case of price and wage indexes.

GDP in US dollars, sourced from economies' official sources; or GDP at local currency units obtained from economy sources and converted to US dollars using the official exchange rates from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), or using exchange rates from the economies' official sources. The exchange rates used are expressed as the average rate for a period of time (average of period), calculated as annual averages based on the monthly averages (local currency units relative to the US dollar).

GDP at current US dollar value, divided by the midyear population.

Measures obtained by using PPP to convert the GDP into a common currency, and by valuing them at a uniform price level. They are the spatial equivalent of a time series of GDP for a single economy expressed at constant prices. At the level of GDP, they are used to compare the economic size of economies.

GDP at PPP, divided by the midyear population.

The gross national income (GNI) converted to US dollars using the World Bank Atlas method, divided by the midyear population. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers, plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output, plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. GNI, calculated in national currency, is usually converted to US dollars at official exchange rates for comparisons across economies, although an alternative rate is used when the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large margin from the rate actually applied in international transactions. To smooth fluctuations in prices and exchange rates, a special Atlas method of conversion is used by the World Bank. This applies a conversion factor that averages the exchange rate for a given year and the 2 preceding years, adjusted for differences in rates of inflation between the economy, and through 2000, the G-5 economies (France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the US). From 2001, these economies include the Euro area, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the US.

Annual percentage growth rate of agriculture production index.

Agriculture production index refers to relative level of the aggregate volume of agricultural production for each year in comparison with the base period. It is based on the sum of price-weighted quantities of different agricultural commodities produced.

Annual percentage growth rate of manufacturing production index.

Manufacturing production index is an index covering production in manufacturing. The exact coverage, the weighting system, and the methods of calculation vary from economy to economy, but the divergences are less important than, for example, in the case of price and wage indexes.

An index that measures changes in prices against a reference period of a basket of goods and services purchased by households. Based on the purpose of the consumer price index, different baskets of goods and services can be selected. For macroeconomic purposes, a broad-based basket is used to represent the relative price movement of household final consumption expenditure.

An index that covers food and nonalcoholic beverages purchased by the household mainly for consumption or preparation at home including services for food processing for own consumption. The index corresponds to Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP) Version 1999 and 2018 division 01. Excluded are food and nonalcoholic beverages that are provided as part of a food-serving service under COICOP division 11: restaurants and hotels (COICOP Version 1999) or restaurants and accommodation services (COICOP Version 2018).

An index that covers the purchase of alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and narcotics, regardless of where these are consumed, but not provided as part of a food-and-beverage-serving service under hotels and restaurants. Services for the production of alcohol for own consumption are also included. The index corresponds to COICOP division 02. Excluded are alcoholic beverages purchased for immediate consumption in hotels, restaurants, cafes, bars, kiosks, street vendors, automatic vending machines, etc. classified under restaurants, cafes, and the like (COICOP Group 11.1.1).

An index that covers all clothing materials, garments, articles and accessories, footwear and related services, including cleaning, repair, and hire of clothing and footwear, and the purchase of secondhand clothing and footwear. The index corresponds to COICOP division 03.

An index that covers goods and services for the use of the house or dwelling and its maintenance and repair; the supply of water and miscellaneous services related to the dwelling; and energy used for heating or cooling. The index corresponds to COICOP division 04.

An index that covers a wide range of products to equip the house or dwelling and the household durables, semidurables, and nondurables as well as some household services. Includes all kinds of furniture (including lightning equipment, household textiles, glassware, tableware, and household utensils), major and smaller electric household appliances, tools and equipment for house and garden, and goods for routine household maintenance. The index also includes the repair, installation, and rental services of the goods. Domestic services by paid staff in private service, supplied by enterprises or self-employed persons, window-cleaning and disinfecting services, as well as dry-cleaning and laundering of household textiles and carpets, are also included. The index corresponds to COICOP division 05.

An index that covers health services provided during an overnight stay, services that do not require an overnight stay, diagnostic imaging services, medical laboratory services, patient emergency transportation, and emergency rescue services. The index also includes medicines and health products, covering all products that are separately invoiced from health services, except when administered under the direct supervision of a health care professional during an overnight stay. The index corresponds to COICOP division 06.

An index that covers four main categories of goods and services for transportation: (i) purchase of vehicles covers motor cars, motor cycles, bicycles, and animal-drawn vehicles; (ii) goods and services for the operation of the personal transport equipment cover parts and accessories for personal transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, and the repair and maintenance of personal transport equipment including expenditures for parking spaces in garages or in public places, expenditures for tolls, and expenditures to acquire a driving certificate; (iii) transport services provided by the market, structured by the mode of transport; and (iv) transport services of goods covers postal and courier services, removal and storage services, and the delivery of any kinds of goods when charged separately. The index corresponds to COICOP division 07. It excludes purchases of recreational vehicles such as camper vans, caravans, trailers, aeroplanes, and boats that are classified under the Recreation and Culture Price Index (COICOP Version 1999) or Recreation, Sport, and Culture (COICOP Version 2018).

The index corresponds to division 08 in COICOP versions 1999 and 2018.

In COICOP Version 1999, this index covers three main groups of goods and services: (i) information and communication equipment, including equipment for the capture, recording, and reproduction of sound and vision; software; and information and communication services; (ii) information and communication services, including telephones and other communication services; internet access services; television and radio licenses; fee and subscription services, including streaming services of films and music; and (iii) repair, maintenance, and rental of information and communication equipment.

In COICOP Version 2018, this index covers three main groups and services: (i) information and communication equipment, including equipment for the reception, recording, and reproduction of sound and vision; (ii) software; and (iii) information and communication services, which include telephone and other communication services, internet access services, television and radio licences, fee and subscription services (including streaming services of films and music); and repair, maintenance, and hire of information and communication equipment.

An index that covers a wide range of goods and services for recreation, sport, and culture and is structured into eight groups: (i) recreation durables such as photographic equipment, other major durables for recreation, such as camper vans, boats, yachts, aeroplanes, and the like; (ii) nonmajor durable recreational goods such as games and toys, including video game computers, celebration articles, equipment for sport, camping, and open-air recreation; (iii) garden products and plants and flowers and purchases of pets and expenditures for pets, excluding veterinary services; (iv) recreational services cover rental, maintenance, and repair of goods, veterinary and other services for pets, recreational and leisure services, such as amusement parks, games of chance and expenditures for sporting services, both expenditures for practicing sports as well as expenditures for attendance of sport events; (v) cultural goods such as musical instruments and audio-visual media; (vi) cultural services such as cinemas, theatres, concerts, museums, and other cultural sites, and photographic services; (vii) newspapers, all kinds of books, stationery and drawing materials; and (viii) package holidays that include transportation, accommodation, food provision, or tour guide. The index corresponds to COICOP division 09.

An index that covers educational services only. It includes: (i) education by radio or television broadcasting as well as e-learning and correspondence courses; (ii) admission and registration fees as well as tuition fees; and (iii) other education-related fees such as camps and/or field trips, course fees, diploma fees, examination fees, graduation fees, laboratory fees, physical education fees, etc. The index corresponds to COICOP division 10. It excludes expenditures on other education-related goods and services such as school uniforms, education support services, such as health-care services, transport services (except in the case of excursions that are part of the normal school program), text books and academic journals, stationery, catering services, and accommodation services.

An index that covers food and beverage services provided by restaurants, cafes, and similar facilities, either with full or limited- or self-service, or by canteens, cafeterias, or refectories at work or at school and other educational establishment’s premises. It also includes catering services and accommodation services. Services for visitors and other travellers away from their principal or secondary residence are included. If not separately invoiced, it also includes food and beverage services and other serving services, such as housekeeping, parking, laundry, swimming pools and exercise rooms, recreational facilities, and conference and convention facilities. The index corresponds to COICOP division 11.

An index that covers insurance and financial services. Insurance and financial services are provided by financial corporations. Insurance services are subdivided by type of insurance. Financial services are subdivided by financial intermediation services indirectly measured and by other forms of actual and indirect charges and remittance fees for financial services. For the definition and measurement of insurance and financial services, specific national accounts concepts (under the 2008 System of National Accounts) do apply. The index corresponds to COICOP Version 2018 division 12.

An index that covers insurance and financial services. It also includes personal care, prostitution, personal effects not elsewhere classified, social protection, financial services not elsewhere classified, and other services not elsewhere classified. The index corresponds to COICOP Version 1999 division 12.

A measure of the change in the prices of goods and services, either as they leave their place of production or as they enter the production process. A measure of the change in the prices received by domestic producers for their outputs or of the change in the prices paid by domestic producers for their intermediate inputs.

A measure that reflects changes in the prices paid for goods at various stages of distribution up to the point of retail. It can include prices of raw materials for intermediate and final consumption, prices of intermediate or unfinished goods, and prices of finished goods. The goods are usually valued at purchasers’ prices.

A measure of the annual rate of price change in the economy as a whole for the period shown, obtained by dividing GDP at current prices by GDP at constant prices.

Refers to the total amount of money in circulation in a specific economy. Money supply can be measured in different ways:

M1 (Narrow Money) is a measure of money supply that includes all coins and notes (M0) as well as personal money in current accounts. M2 (Intermediate Money) is the sum of M1 and personal money in deposit accounts. M3 (Broad Money) is the sum of M2 and government and other deposits. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, M3 includes currency, deposits with an agreed maturity of up to 2 years, deposits redeemable at notice of up to 3 months and repurchase agreements, money market fund shares or units, and debt securities up to 2 years.

Not all economies publish the same types of aggregates, and even when aggregates are the same name (e.g., M1, M2, M3, etc.), their asset composition often differs significantly. Cross-economy differences in national definitions of lowered-ordered aggregates also arise from differences in the maturity categories of nontransferable deposits included in a particular money aggregate. For example, the definition of M2 in one economy may include time deposits with maturities of 1 year or less, whereas another economy’s M2 definition may include time deposits with maturities of 2 years or less.

When the monetary policy strategy consists of monetary aggregate targeting, the choice of the definition of the targeted aggregate is guided mainly by two considerations. The aggregate should be sufficiently sensitive to interest rate changes for the central bank to be able to control it and display a stable relationship over time to the movement of the overall price level.

Liabilities excluded from broad money are the sum of all exclusions from broad money. They may include deposits; debt securities; loans; insurance, pension, and standardized guarantee schemes; financial derivatives and employee stock options; trade credit and advances; equity; or other items.

Refers to the total amount of money in circulation in a specific economy. Money supply can be measured in different ways:

M1 (Narrow Money) is a measure of money supply that includes all coins and notes (M0) as well as personal money in current accounts. M2 (Intermediate Money) is the sum of M1 and personal money in deposit accounts. M3 (Broad Money) is the sum of M2 and government and other deposits. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, M3 includes currency, deposits with an agreed maturity of up to 2 years, deposits redeemable at notice of up to 3 months and repurchase agreements, money market fund shares or units, and debt securities up to 2 years.

Not all economies publish the same types of aggregates, and even when aggregates are the same name (e.g., M1, M2, M3, etc.), their asset composition often differs significantly. Cross-economy differences in national definitions of lowered-ordered aggregates also arise from differences in the maturity categories of nontransferable deposits included in a particular money aggregate. For example, the definition of M2 in one economy may include time deposits with maturities of 1 year or less, whereas another economy’s M2 definition may include time deposits with maturities of 2 years or less.

When the monetary policy strategy consists of monetary aggregate targeting, the choice of the definition of the targeted aggregate is guided mainly by two considerations. The aggregate should be sufficiently sensitive to interest rate changes for the central bank to be able to control it and display a stable relationship over time to the movement of the overall price level.

Liabilities excluded from broad money are the sum of all exclusions from broad money. They may include deposits; debt securities; loans; insurance, pension, and standardized guarantee schemes; financial derivatives and employee stock options; trade credit and advances; equity; or other items.

Refers to the total amount of money in circulation in a specific economy. Money supply can be measured in different ways:

M1 (Narrow Money) is a measure of money supply that includes all coins and notes (M0) as well as personal money in current accounts. M2 (Intermediate Money) is the sum of M1 and personal money in deposit accounts. M3 (Broad Money) is the sum of M2 and government and other deposits. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, M3 includes currency, deposits with an agreed maturity of up to 2 years, deposits redeemable at notice of up to 3 months and repurchase agreements, money market fund shares or units, and debt securities up to 2 years.

Not all economies publish the same types of aggregates, and even when aggregates are the same name (e.g., M1, M2, M3, etc.), their asset composition often differs significantly. Cross-economy differences in national definitions of lowered-ordered aggregates also arise from differences in the maturity categories of nontransferable deposits included in a particular money aggregate. For example, the definition of M2 in one economy may include time deposits with maturities of 1 year or less, whereas another economy’s M2 definition may include time deposits with maturities of 2 years or less.

When the monetary policy strategy consists of monetary aggregate targeting, the choice of the definition of the targeted aggregate is guided mainly by two considerations. The aggregate should be sufficiently sensitive to interest rate changes for the central bank to be able to control it and display a stable relationship over time to the movement of the overall price level.

Liabilities excluded from broad money are the sum of all exclusions from broad money. They may include deposits; debt securities; loans; insurance, pension, and standardized guarantee schemes; financial derivatives and employee stock options; trade credit and advances; equity; or other items.

Refers to the total amount of money in circulation in a specific economy. Money supply can be measured in different ways:

M1 (Narrow Money) is a measure of money supply that includes all coins and notes (M0) as well as personal money in current accounts. M2 (Intermediate Money) is the sum of M1 and personal money in deposit accounts. M3 (Broad Money) is the sum of M2 and government and other deposits. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, M3 includes currency, deposits with an agreed maturity of up to 2 years, deposits redeemable at notice of up to 3 months and repurchase agreements, money market fund shares or units, and debt securities up to 2 years.

Not all economies publish the same types of aggregates, and even when aggregates are the same name (e.g., M1, M2, M3, etc.), their asset composition often differs significantly. Cross-economy differences in national definitions of lowered-ordered aggregates also arise from differences in the maturity categories of nontransferable deposits included in a particular money aggregate. For example, the definition of M2 in one economy may include time deposits with maturities of 1 year or less, whereas another economy’s M2 definition may include time deposits with maturities of 2 years or less.

When the monetary policy strategy consists of monetary aggregate targeting, the choice of the definition of the targeted aggregate is guided mainly by two considerations. The aggregate should be sufficiently sensitive to interest rate changes for the central bank to be able to control it and display a stable relationship over time to the movement of the overall price level.

Liabilities excluded from broad money are the sum of all exclusions from broad money. They may include deposits; debt securities; loans; insurance, pension, and standardized guarantee schemes; financial derivatives and employee stock options; trade credit and advances; equity; or other items.

Refers to the total amount of money in circulation in a specific economy. Money supply can be measured in different ways:

M1 (Narrow Money) is a measure of money supply that includes all coins and notes (M0) as well as personal money in current accounts. M2 (Intermediate Money) is the sum of M1 and personal money in deposit accounts. M3 (Broad Money) is the sum of M2 and government and other deposits. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, M3 includes currency, deposits with an agreed maturity of up to 2 years, deposits redeemable at notice of up to 3 months and repurchase agreements, money market fund shares or units, and debt securities up to 2 years.

Not all economies publish the same types of aggregates, and even when aggregates are the same name (e.g., M1, M2, M3, etc.), their asset composition often differs significantly. Cross-economy differences in national definitions of lowered-ordered aggregates also arise from differences in the maturity categories of nontransferable deposits included in a particular money aggregate. For example, the definition of M2 in one economy may include time deposits with maturities of 1 year or less, whereas another economy’s M2 definition may include time deposits with maturities of 2 years or less.

When the monetary policy strategy consists of monetary aggregate targeting, the choice of the definition of the targeted aggregate is guided mainly by two considerations. The aggregate should be sufficiently sensitive to interest rate changes for the central bank to be able to control it and display a stable relationship over time to the movement of the overall price level.

Liabilities excluded from broad money are the sum of all exclusions from broad money. They may include deposits; debt securities; loans; insurance, pension, and standardized guarantee schemes; financial derivatives and employee stock options; trade credit and advances; equity; or other items.

Refers to the total amount of money in circulation in a specific economy. Money supply can be measured in different ways:

M1 (Narrow Money) is a measure of money supply that includes all coins and notes (M0) as well as personal money in current accounts. M2 (Intermediate Money) is the sum of M1 and personal money in deposit accounts. M3 (Broad Money) is the sum of M2 and government and other deposits. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, M3 includes currency, deposits with an agreed maturity of up to 2 years, deposits redeemable at notice of up to 3 months and repurchase agreements, money market fund shares or units, and debt securities up to 2 years.

Not all economies publish the same types of aggregates, and even when aggregates are the same name (e.g., M1, M2, M3, etc.), their asset composition often differs significantly. Cross-economy differences in national definitions of lowered-ordered aggregates also arise from differences in the maturity categories of nontransferable deposits included in a particular money aggregate. For example, the definition of M2 in one economy may include time deposits with maturities of 1 year or less, whereas another economy’s M2 definition may include time deposits with maturities of 2 years or less.

When the monetary policy strategy consists of monetary aggregate targeting, the choice of the definition of the targeted aggregate is guided mainly by two considerations. The aggregate should be sufficiently sensitive to interest rate changes for the central bank to be able to control it and display a stable relationship over time to the movement of the overall price level.

Liabilities excluded from broad money are the sum of all exclusions from broad money. They may include deposits; debt securities; loans; insurance, pension, and standardized guarantee schemes; financial derivatives and employee stock options; trade credit and advances; equity; or other items.

Refers to the total amount of money in circulation in a specific economy. Money supply can be measured in different ways:

M1 (Narrow Money) is a measure of money supply that includes all coins and notes (M0) as well as personal money in current accounts. M2 (Intermediate Money) is the sum of M1 and personal money in deposit accounts. M3 (Broad Money) is the sum of M2 and government and other deposits. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, M3 includes currency, deposits with an agreed maturity of up to 2 years, deposits redeemable at notice of up to 3 months and repurchase agreements, money market fund shares or units, and debt securities up to 2 years.

Not all economies publish the same types of aggregates, and even when aggregates are the same name (e.g., M1, M2, M3, etc.), their asset composition often differs significantly. Cross-economy differences in national definitions of lowered-ordered aggregates also arise from differences in the maturity categories of nontransferable deposits included in a particular money aggregate. For example, the definition of M2 in one economy may include time deposits with maturities of 1 year or less, whereas another economy’s M2 definition may include time deposits with maturities of 2 years or less.

When the monetary policy strategy consists of monetary aggregate targeting, the choice of the definition of the targeted aggregate is guided mainly by two considerations. The aggregate should be sufficiently sensitive to interest rate changes for the central bank to be able to control it and display a stable relationship over time to the movement of the overall price level.

Liabilities excluded from broad money are the sum of all exclusions from broad money. They may include deposits; debt securities; loans; insurance, pension, and standardized guarantee schemes; financial derivatives and employee stock options; trade credit and advances; equity; or other items.

Refers to the total amount of money in circulation in a specific economy. Money supply can be measured in different ways:

M1 (Narrow Money) is a measure of money supply that includes all coins and notes (M0) as well as personal money in current accounts. M2 (Intermediate Money) is the sum of M1 and personal money in deposit accounts. M3 (Broad Money) is the sum of M2 and government and other deposits. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, M3 includes currency, deposits with an agreed maturity of up to 2 years, deposits redeemable at notice of up to 3 months and repurchase agreements, money market fund shares or units, and debt securities up to 2 years.

Not all economies publish the same types of aggregates, and even when aggregates are the same name (e.g., M1, M2, M3, etc.), their asset composition often differs significantly. Cross-economy differences in national definitions of lowered-ordered aggregates also arise from differences in the maturity categories of nontransferable deposits included in a particular money aggregate. For example, the definition of M2 in one economy may include time deposits with maturities of 1 year or less, whereas another economy’s M2 definition may include time deposits with maturities of 2 years or less.

When the monetary policy strategy consists of monetary aggregate targeting, the choice of the definition of the targeted aggregate is guided mainly by two considerations. The aggregate should be sufficiently sensitive to interest rate changes for the central bank to be able to control it and display a stable relationship over time to the movement of the overall price level.

Liabilities excluded from broad money are the sum of all exclusions from broad money. They may include deposits; debt securities; loans; insurance, pension, and standardized guarantee schemes; financial derivatives and employee stock options; trade credit and advances; equity; or other items.

Refers to the total amount of money in circulation in a specific economy. Money supply can be measured in different ways:

M1 (Narrow Money) is a measure of money supply that includes all coins and notes (M0) as well as personal money in current accounts. M2 (Intermediate Money) is the sum of M1 and personal money in deposit accounts. M3 (Broad Money) is the sum of M2 and government and other deposits. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, M3 includes currency, deposits with an agreed maturity of up to 2 years, deposits redeemable at notice of up to 3 months and repurchase agreements, money market fund shares or units, and debt securities up to 2 years.

Not all economies publish the same types of aggregates, and even when aggregates are the same name (e.g., M1, M2, M3, etc.), their asset composition often differs significantly. Cross-economy differences in national definitions of lowered-ordered aggregates also arise from differences in the maturity categories of nontransferable deposits included in a particular money aggregate. For example, the definition of M2 in one economy may include time deposits with maturities of 1 year or less, whereas another economy’s M2 definition may include time deposits with maturities of 2 years or less.

When the monetary policy strategy consists of monetary aggregate targeting, the choice of the definition of the targeted aggregate is guided mainly by two considerations. The aggregate should be sufficiently sensitive to interest rate changes for the central bank to be able to control it and display a stable relationship over time to the movement of the overall price level.

Liabilities excluded from broad money are the sum of all exclusions from broad money. They may include deposits; debt securities; loans; insurance, pension, and standardized guarantee schemes; financial derivatives and employee stock options; trade credit and advances; equity; or other items.

Refers to the total amount of money in circulation in a specific economy. Money supply can be measured in different ways:

M1 (Narrow Money) is a measure of money supply that includes all coins and notes (M0) as well as personal money in current accounts. M2 (Intermediate Money) is the sum of M1 and personal money in deposit accounts. M3 (Broad Money) is the sum of M2 and government and other deposits. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, M3 includes currency, deposits with an agreed maturity of up to 2 years, deposits redeemable at notice of up to 3 months and repurchase agreements, money market fund shares or units, and debt securities up to 2 years.

Not all economies publish the same types of aggregates, and even when aggregates are the same name (e.g., M1, M2, M3, etc.), their asset composition often differs significantly. Cross-economy differences in national definitions of lowered-ordered aggregates also arise from differences in the maturity categories of nontransferable deposits included in a particular money aggregate. For example, the definition of M2 in one economy may include time deposits with maturities of 1 year or less, whereas another economy’s M2 definition may include time deposits with maturities of 2 years or less.

When the monetary policy strategy consists of monetary aggregate targeting, the choice of the definition of the targeted aggregate is guided mainly by two considerations. The aggregate should be sufficiently sensitive to interest rate changes for the central bank to be able to control it and display a stable relationship over time to the movement of the overall price level.

Liabilities excluded from broad money are the sum of all exclusions from broad money. They may include deposits; debt securities; loans; insurance, pension, and standardized guarantee schemes; financial derivatives and employee stock options; trade credit and advances; equity; or other items.

Rate paid by commercial and similar banks for savings deposits.

Rate paid by commercial and similar banks for time deposits.

Rate at which short-term securities are issued or traded in the market.

Bank rate that usually meets the short- and medium-term financing needs of the private sector. This rate is normally differentiated according to creditworthiness of borrowers and objectives of financing.

Includes all credits to various sectors on a gross basis, except credit to the central government, which is net. The banking sector includes monetary authorities, deposit money banks, and other banking institutions for which data are available (including institutions that do not accept transferable deposits but do incur such liabilities as time and savings deposits). Examples of other banking institutions are savings and mortgage loan institutions and building and loan associations.

Value of nonperforming loans divided by the total value of the loan portfolio (including nonperforming loans before the deduction of loan loss provisions). The amount recorded as nonperforming should be the gross value of the loan as recorded in the balance sheet, not just the amount that is overdue.

Index that measures changes in the prices of stocks traded in the stock exchange. The price changes of the stocks are usually weighted by their market capitalization.

The share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded. Data are end of year values converted to US dollars using corresponding year-end foreign exchange rates. Also known as market value.

The exchange rate determined by national authorities or the rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated as an annual average based on the monthly averages (local currency units relative to the US dollar).

Number of units of economy B’s currency that are needed in economy B to purchase the same quantity of an individual good or service, which one unit of economy A’s currency can purchase in economy A.

Ratio of the relevant PPP to the exchange rate. It is expressed as an index on a base of 100. A price level index (PLI) greater than 100 means that, when the national average prices are converted at exchange rates, the resulting prices tend to be higher on average than prices in the base economy (or economies) of the region (and vice versa). At the level of GDP, PLIs provide a measure of the differences in the general price levels of economies. PLIs are also referred to as comparative price levels.

Sum of net exports of goods, services, net income, and net current transfers.

Difference between exports and imports of goods.

Difference between exports and imports of services.

Balance on primary income shows net primary income receivable by the compiling economy, which is defined as the total value of primary income receivable by the compiling economy less the total value of primary income payable.

Balance on the secondary income account presents total credits less total debits, and is called balance on secondary income. In addition, the balance of the sum of all current account transactions can also be shown at the end of this account because it is the last account in the sequence of current accounts.

The capital account shows credit and debit entries for nonproduced nonfinancial assets and capital transfers between residents and nonresidents.

The financial account shows net acquisition and disposal of financial assets and liabilities.

Refers to imbalances in the balance of payments accounts resulting from imperfections in source data and compilation, and should be identified separately in published data.

The overall balance is equal, with the exclusion of transactions in reserve assets and exceptional financing, to the sum of current and capital and financial account transactions.

Reserve assets consist of those external assets that are readily available to and controlled by monetary authorities for direct financing of payments imbalances, for indirectly regulating the magnitude of such imbalances through intervention in exchange markets to affect the currency exchange rate, and/or for other purposes.

The international investment position (IIP) is a statistical statement that shows at a point in time the value and composition of (a) financial assets of residents of an economy that are claims on nonresidents and gold bullion held as reserve assets, and (b) liabilities of residents of an economy to nonresidents.

Trade in goods balance as a percentage of GDP.

Trade in goods balance refers to the difference between exports and imports of goods.

Trade in services balance as a percentage of GDP.

Trade in services balance refers to the difference between exports and imports of services.

Current account balance as a percentage of GDP.

Current account balance refers to the sum of net exports of goods, services, net income, and net current transfers.

Overall balance as a percentage of GDP.

The overall balance is equal, with the exclusion of transactions in reserve assets and exceptional financing, to the sum of current and capital and financial account transactions.

International reserves refer to external assets that are readily available to, and controlled by, monetary authorities for meeting balance-of-payments financing needs, for intervention in exchange markets to affect the currency exchange rate, and for other related purposes (such as maintaining confidence in the currency and the economy and serving as a basis for foreign borrowing).

Consist of monetary gold, special drawing rights holdings, reserve position in the IMF, currency and deposits, securities (including debt and equity securities), financial derivatives, and other claims (loans and other financial instruments).

Total external debt refers to debt owed to nonresidents repayable in currency, goods, or services. It is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt. Long-term external debt is defined as debt that has an original or extended maturity of more than one year and that is owed to nonresidents and repayable in currency, goods, or services. Short-term debt includes all debt having an original maturity of 1 year or less and interest in arrears on long-term debt. Use of IMF credit denotes members’ drawings on the IMF other than amounts drawn against the economy’s reserve tranche position. Use of IMF credit includes purchases and drawings under Stand-By, Extended, Structural Adjustment, Enhanced Structural Adjustment, and Systemic Transformation Facility Arrangements as well as Trust Fund loans. SDR allocations are also included in this category.

Total external debt refers to debt owed to nonresidents repayable in currency, goods, or services. It is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt.

Long-term external debt is defined as debt that has an original or extended maturity of more than one year and that is owed to nonresidents and repayable in currency, goods, or services.

Comprises long-term external obligations of public debtors, including the national government, political subdivisions (or an agency of either), and autonomous public bodies, and external obligations of private debtors that are guaranteed for repayment by a public entity.

Total external debt refers to debt owed to nonresidents repayable in currency, goods, or services. It is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt.

Private nonguaranteed external debt is an external obligation of a private debtor that is not guaranteed for repayment by a public entity.

Total external debt refers to debt owed to nonresidents repayable in currency, goods, or services. It is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt.

Short-term debt includes all debt having an original maturity of 1 year or less and interest in arrears on long-term debt.

Total external debt refers to debt owed to nonresidents repayable in currency, goods, or services. It is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt.

Use of IMF credit denotes members’ drawings on the IMF other than amounts drawn against the economy's reserve tranche position. Use of IMF credit includes purchases and drawings under Stand-By, Extended, Structural Adjustment, Enhanced Structural Adjustment, and Systemic Transformation Facility Arrangements as well as Trust Fund loans. SDR allocations are also included in this category.

The sum of principal repayments and interest actually paid in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt, interest paid on short-term debt, and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the IMF.

Total external debt as a percentage of GNI.

GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output, plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad.

Total long-term debt as a percentage of total debt.

Total external debt refers to debt owed to nonresidents repayable in currency, goods, or services. It is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt. Long-term external debt is defined as debt that has an original or extended maturity of more than one year and that is owed to nonresidents and repayable in currency, goods, or services.

Short-term debt as a percentage of total debt.

Total external debt refers to debt owed to nonresidents repayable in currency, goods, or services. It is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt. Short-term debt includes all debt having an original maturity of 1 year or less and interest in arrears on long-term debt.

Total debt service paid as a percentage of exports of goods, services, and primary income.

Sum of personal remittances and social benefits. Personal remittances include personal transfers (part of current transfers); compensation of employees less taxes, social contributions, transport, and travel; and capital transfers between households. Social benefits include benefits payable under social security funds and pension funds: they may be in cash or in kind.

Includes income from individuals working abroad for short periods, income from individuals residing abroad, and social benefits from abroad.

Total remittances as a percentage of GDP.

Total remittances refers to the sum of personal remittances and social benefits. Personal remittances include personal transfers (part of current transfers); compensation of employees less taxes, social contributions, transport, and travel; and capital transfers between households. Social benefits include benefits payable under social security funds and pension funds: they may be in cash or in kind.

Includes income from individuals working abroad for short periods, income from individuals residing abroad, and social benefits from abroad.

Refers to net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10% or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments.

Foreign direct investment, net inflows as a percentage of GDP.

Foreign direct investment refers to net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10% or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments.

Trade in goods as a percentage of GDP.

Trade in goods refer to the sum of merchandise exports and merchandise imports.

Merchandise exports and imports cover all movable goods, with a few specified exceptions, the ownership of which changes between a resident and a foreigner. For merchandise exports, it represents the value of the goods and related distributive services at the customs frontier of the exporting economy, i.e., the free on board (FOB) value. Merchandise imports, on the other hand, are reported in cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) values.

International reserves outstanding at the end of the year as a proportion of imports of goods from the balance of payments during the year, where imports of goods are expressed in terms of a monthly average. It is a useful measure for reserve needs of economies with limited access to capital markets.

Concessional flows to developing economies and multilateral institutions provided by official agencies, including state and local governments, or by their executing agencies, administered with the objective of promoting the economic development and welfare of developing economies, and containing a grant element of at least 25%. Net flow takes into account principal repayments for loans, offsetting entries for forgiven debt, and recoveries made on grants.

Official sector transactions with economies on the Development Assistance Committee List of Official Development Assistance Recipients, which do not meet the conditions for eligibility as official development assistance, either because they are not primarily aimed at development, or because they have a grant element of less than 25%. The Development Assistance Committee list of recipients of official development assistance is available at http://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-standards/daclist.htm. Net flow takes into account principal repayments for loans, offsetting entries for forgiven debt, and recoveries made on grants.

Sum of direct investment and portfolio investment.

Direct investment is a category of international investment made by a resident entity in one economy (direct investor) with the objective of establishing a lasting interest in an enterprise that is resident in an economy other than that of the investor (direct investment enterprise). “Lasting interest” implies the existence of a long-term relationship between the direct investor and the enterprise and a significant degree of influence by the direct investor on the management of the direct investment enterprise. Direct investment involves both the initial transaction between the two entities and all subsequent capital transactions between them and among affiliated enterprises, both incorporated and unincorporated.

Portfolio investment is the category of international investment that covers investment in equity and debt securities, excluding any such instruments that are classified as direct investment or reserve assets.

Sum of net official development assistance, net other official flows, and net private flows.

Total external debt as a percentage of exports of goods, services, and primary income.

Exports of goods, services, and primary income constitute the total value of exports of goods and services, receipts of compensation of nonresident workers, and investment income from abroad.

Total debt service paid as a percentage of exports of goods, services, and primary income.

The number of tourists (overnight visitors) who travel to an economy other than that in which they usually reside, and outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months, and whose main purpose of visit is other than the activity remunerated from within the economy visited. In some cases, data may also include same-day visitors when data on overnight visitors are not available separately. Data refer to the number of arrivals and not to the number of people.

The receipts earned by a destination economy from inbound tourism and covering all tourism receipts resulting from expenditures made by visitors from abroad. These include lodging, food and drinks, fuel, transport in the economy, entertainment, shopping, etc. This concept includes receipts generated by overnight visits as well as by same-day trips. It does, however, exclude the receipts related to international transport by contracted residents of the other economies (for instance ticket receipts from foreigners travelling with a national company).

This includes both paved and unpaved roads. Paved roads are roads surfaced with crushed stone (macadam) with hydrocarbon binder or bituminized agents, with concrete, or with cobblestones. Unpaved roads are roads surfaced with a stabilized base, but not surfaced with crushed stone, hydrocarbon binder or bituminized agents, concrete, or cobblestones.

A passenger-kilometer is a unit of measurement representing the transport of 1 passenger by a defined mode of transport, e.g., road, over 1 kilometer.

A ton-kilometer is a unit of measurement representing the transport of 1 metric ton of goods (including packaging and tare weights of intermodal transport units) by a defined mode of transport, e.g., road, over a distance of 1 kilometer. Only the distance on the national territory of the reporting economy is taken into account for national, international, and transit transport.

Mode-specific vehicle registrations refer to the number of newly (first-time) registered vehicles recorded by the authorities. This publication reports cumulative number of vehicle registrations.

Death caused by a road traffic crash and occurring within 24 hours (Kiribati, the Federated States of Micronesia, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga ); 7 days (Azerbaijan, Bhutan, the People’s Republic of China, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Viet Nam); 30 days (Armenia, Australia, Cambodia, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, the Republic of Korea, Lao PDR , Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Uzbekistan); unlimited time period (Afghanistan, the Cook Islands, Georgia, Maldives, the Philippines, Samoa, Thailand); within a year (the Kyrgyz Republic); no definition for other economies.

Rail lines are the length of railway route available for train service, irrespective of the number of parallel tracks.

Length of rail lines divided by the land area.

Passengers carried by railway are the number of passengers transported by rail multiplied by kilometers traveled.

Goods transported by railway are the volume of goods transported by railway, measured in metric tons multiplied by kilometers traveled.

The volume of aviation freight, express, and diplomatic bags carried on each flight stage (operation of an aircraft from takeoff to its next landing), measured in metric tons, multiplied by kilometers traveled.

The number of aviation passengers carried, including both domestic and international aircraft passengers of air carriers registered in a given economy, multiplied by kilometers traveled.

Measures the flow of containers from land to sea transport modes, and vice versa, in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU), a standard-size container. Data refer to coastal shipping as well as international journeys. Transshipment traffic is counted as two lifts at the intermediate port (once to offload and again as an outbound lift) and includes empty units.

The current version of the LSCI is generated from the following six components:

(i) the number of scheduled ship calls per week in the economy;

(ii) deployed annual capacity in TEU: total deployed capacity offered at the economy;

(ii) the number of regular liner shipping services from and to the economy;

(iv) the number of liner shipping companies that provide services from and to the economy;

(v) the average size in TEU of the ships deployed by the scheduled service with the largest average vessel size; and

(vi) the number of other economies that are connected to the economy through direct liner shipping services.

An interactive benchmarking tool created by the World Bank to help economies identify the challenges and opportunities they face in their performance on trade logistics and what they can do to improve their performance.

Fixed-telephone subscriptions refer to the sum of active number of analogue fixed telephone lines, voice-over-IP subscriptions, fixed wireless local loop subscriptions, ISDN voice-channel equivalents, and fixed public payphones.

The proportion of individuals who used a mobile telephone in the 3 months prior to data collection.

A mobile (cellular) telephone refers to a portable telephone subscribing to a public mobile telephone service using cellular technology, which provides access to the PSTN. This includes analogue and digital cellular systems and technologies such as IMT-2000 (3G) and IMT- Advanced. Users of both postpaid subscriptions and prepaid accounts are included.

Fixed-broadband subscriptions refer to fixed subscriptions to high-speed access to the public internet (a TCP/IP connection), at downstream speeds equal to, or greater than, 256 kilobits per second. This includes cable modem, DSL, fiber-to-the-home/building, other fixed (wired)- broadband subscriptions, satellite broadband and terrestrial fixed wireless broadband. This total is measured irrespective of the method of payment. It excludes subscriptions that have access to data communications (including the Internet) via mobile-cellular networks. It should include fixed WiMAX and any other fixed wireless technologies. It includes both residential subscriptions and subscriptions for organizations.

The frequency of internet use by individuals who used the internet from any location in the 3 months prior to data collection.

Internet can be used via a computer, mobile, phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV, etc.

Gross production, which is the sum of the electrical energy production by all the generating units and/or installations concerned (including pumped storage), measured at the output terminals of the main generators. Also referred to as electricity generation.

Refers to the different types of technology and/or processes for the generation or production of electricity.

Electricity from combustible fuels refers to the production of electricity from the combustion of fuels that are capable of igniting or burning, i.e., reacting with oxygen to produce a significant rise in temperature.

Refers to the different types of technology and/or processes for the generation or production of electricity.

Hydroelectricity refers to electricity produced from devices driven by flowing, or falling fresh water.

Refers to the different types of technology and/or processes for the generation or production of electricity.

Solar electricity refers to electricity produced from sunlight.

Refers to the different types of technology and/or processes for the generation or production of electricity.

Other electricity includes solar, wind, wave, tidal, other marine electricity, geothermal, electricity generated from chemical heat, and electricity from other sources not elsewhere specified.

Total electricity consumption divided by midyear population, where consumption refers to energy-industries-own-use and final consumption. Energy-industries-own-use refers to the consumption of electricity for the direct support of the production and preparation for use of fuels and energy. Final consumption refers to the consumption of electricity by manufacturing, construction and nonfuel mining, transport, and households and other consumers (nonenergy use being irrelevant for electricity).

Energy production plus imports minus exports, minus international marine bunkers, minus international aviation bunkers, minus stock changes. Also referred to as energy supply.

The ratio of GDP to total energy use (measured per petajoule) with GDP converted to 2021 constant international dollars using PPP rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as a US dollar has in the US.

Primary energy production that is the capture or extraction of fuels or energy from natural energy flows, the biosphere, and natural reserves of fossil fuels within the national territory in a form suitable for use. Inert matter removed from the extracted fuels and quantities reinjected, flared, or vented are not included. The resulting products are referred to as primary products.

Energy imports, net estimated as energy use less production, both measured in petajoules.

Land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and/or under permanent meadows and pastures.

Land under temporary agricultural crops (double-cropped areas are counted only once), temporary meadows for mowing or pasture, land under market, and kitchen gardens and land temporarily fallow (less than 5 years). The abandoned land resulting from shifting cultivation is not included. Data for arable land are not meant to indicate the amount of land that are potentially cultivable.

Land cultivated with long-term crops that do not have to be replanted for several years (such as cocoa and coffee); land under trees and shrubs producing flowers, such as roses and jasmine; and nurseries (except those for forest trees, which should be classified under “forestry”). Permanent meadows and pastures are excluded from land under permanent crops.

Rate of permanent conversion of natural forest area into other uses, including shifting cultivation, permanent agriculture, ranching, settlements, and infrastructure development. Deforested areas do not include areas logged but intended for regeneration or areas degraded by fuelwood gathering, acid precipitation, or forest fires. A negative rate indicates reforestation or increase in forest area.

Internal renewable water resources (IRWR) refer to the long-term average annual flow of rivers and recharge of aquifers generated from endogenous precipitation. Double-counting of surface water and groundwater resources is avoided by deducting the overlap from the sum of the surface water and groundwater resources.

IRWR in billion cubic meters per year refers to surface water produced internally, plus groundwater produced internally deducted by the overlap between surface water and groundwater. IRWR in cubic meters per inhabitant per year is calculated as total annual IRWR divided by total population.

Internal renewable water resources (IRWR) refer to the long-term average annual flow of rivers and recharge of aquifers generated from endogenous precipitation.

Double-counting of surface water and groundwater resources is avoided by deducting the overlap from the sum of the surface water and groundwater resources.

IRWR in billion cubic meters per year refers to surface water produced internally, plus groundwater produced internally deducted by the overlap between surface water and groundwater. IRWR in cubic meters per inhabitant per year is calculated as total annual IRWR divided by total population.

Sum of surface water withdrawal and groundwater withdrawal.

Total water withdrawal summed by sector deducted by desalinated water produced, direct use of treated wastewater, and direct use of agricultural drainage water.

Water productivity is the ratio of the net benefits from crop, forestry, fishery, livestock, and mixed agricultural systems to the amount of water used to produce those benefits. It is calculated as GDP in constant US dollar prices, divided by annual total water withdrawal.

Government revenue is an increase in net worth resulting from a transaction. Revenue transactions have counterpart entries either in an increase in assets or in a decrease in liabilities - thereby increasing net worth. General government units have four types of revenue: (i) compulsory levies in the form of taxes and certain types of social contributions; (ii) property income derived from the ownership of assets; (iii) sales of goods and services; and (iv) other transfers receivable from other units.

For economies following the IMF’s Government Finance Statistics 1986 framework, the total revenue (including grants) consists of current and capital revenues. Current revenue is the revenue accruing from taxes as well as all current nontax revenues, except transfers received from foreign governments and international institutions. Capital revenue constitutes the proceeds from the sale of nonfinancial capital assets.

Taxes are compulsory, unrequited amounts receivable by government units from institutional units. Certain compulsory receivables, such as fines, penalties, and most social security contributions are not considered taxes.

For economies following the IMF’s Government Finance Statistics 1986 framework, tax revenue are compulsory transfers to the central government for public purposes, which includes social security contributions.

Taxes on income, profits, and capital gains consist of taxes assessed on the actual or presumed incomes of institutional units.

Depending on the institutional unit that benefited from the income, income taxes on trusts, estates, capital gains, or winnings from lotteries and gambling may fall under income taxes payable by individuals, payable by corporations and other enterprises, or other taxes on income, profits, and capital gains.

Depending on the institutional unit that benefited from the income, income taxes on trusts, estates, capital gains, or winnings from lotteries and gambling may fall under income taxes payable by individuals, payable by corporations and other enterprises, or other taxes on income, profits, and capital gains.

Taxes on income, profits, and capital gains are classified as other taxes on income, profits, and capital gains when these taxes are payable by general government units, or when information needed to determine whether taxes should be attributed to individuals, corporations, or general government units is not available.

Taxes on payroll or workforce are taxes payable by enterprises assessed either as a proportion of the wages and salaries paid or as a fixed amount per person employed.

Taxes on property are taxes payable on the use, ownership, or transfer of wealth.

Taxes on goods and services are taxes that become payable as a result of the production, sale, transfer, leasing, or delivery of goods and rendering of services, or as a result of their use for own consumption, or own capital formation.

Taxes on international trade and transactions are taxes that become payable when goods cross the national or customs frontiers of the economic territory, or when transactions in services exchange between residents and nonresidents.

Other taxes cover revenue from taxes levied predominantly on a base or bases not elsewhere classified, and unidentified taxes.

Government expenditure is the sum of expense and the net investment in nonfinancial assets.

Expense is a decrease in net worth resulting from a transaction. The major types of expense are compensation of employees, use of goods and services subsidies, grants, social benefits, and other expense. The acquisition of a nonfinancial asset by purchase or barter is not an expense because it has no effect on net worth. Similarly, amounts payable on loans extended and repayments on loans incurred are not classified as expense.

Nonfinancial assets are economic assets other than financial assets. Nonfinancial assets are stores of value and provide benefits either through their use in the production of goods and services or in the form of property income and holding gains. These assets are classified as fixed assets, inventories, valuables, and nonproduced assets.

For economies following the IMF’s Government Finance Statistics 1986 framework, total expenditure (including net lending) consists of current and capital expenditures. Current expenditure comprises purchases of goods and services by the central government, transfers to noncentral government units and to households, subsidies to producers, and interest on public debt. Capital expenditure covers outlays for the acquisition or construction of capital assets and for the purchase of intangible assets, as well as capital transfers to domestic and foreign recipients. Loans and advances for capital purposes are also included.

Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–) is a summary measure indicating the extent to which government is either putting financial resources at the disposal of other sectors in the economy or abroad, or utilizing the financial resources generated by other sectors in the economy or from abroad. It may be viewed as an indicator of the financial impact of government activity on the rest of the economy and the rest of the world.

Net lending (+)/net borrowing (−) is a balancing item calculated as the net operating balance (revenue minus expense) minus the net investment in nonfinancial assets. Net lending/net borrowing is also equal to the net acquisition of all financial assets minus the net incurrence of all liabilities from transactions.

For economies following the IMF’s Government Finance Statistics 1986 framework, the indicator refers to the overall budgetary surplus/deficit measured as the difference between total revenue (including grants) and total expenditure (including net lending).

Government expenditure on health includes expenditure on services provided to individual persons and services provided on a collective basis. Expenditure on health is allocated to medical products, appliances, and equipment; outpatient services; hospital services; public health services; R&D health; and health not elsewhere classified.

For economies following the IMF’s Government Finance Statistics 1986 framework, the indicator refers to government expenditure on health affairs and services.

Government expenditure on education includes expenditure on services provided to individual pupils and students and expenditure on services provided on a collective basis. Expenditure on education is allocated to pre-primary and primary education, secondary education, post-secondary nontertiary education, tertiary education, subsidiary services to education, education not definable by level, and research and development (R&D) education.

For economies following the IMF’s Government Finance Statistics 1986 framework, the indicator refers to government expenditure on education affairs and services.

Government expenditure on social protection includes expenditure on services and transfers provided to individual persons and households and expenditure on services provided on a collective basis. Expenditure on social protection is allocated to sickness and disability, old age, survivors, family and children, unemployment, housing, social exclusion not elsewhere classified, and R&D social protection.

For economies following the IMF’s Government Finance Statistics 1986 framework, the indicator refers to government expenditure on social security and welfare affairs and services.

This index scores and ranks economies and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be by experts and business executives. It is a composite index, a combination of surveys and assessments of corruption, collected by a variety of reputable institutions. The Corruption Perceptions Index draws on 13 data sources from 12 independent institutions specialising in governance and business climate analysis. From 2000 to 2011, scores ranged from 10 (highly clean) to 0 (highly corrupt). From 2012 onward, calculation of the score has used an updated methodology and is now presented on a scale from 100 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt). Due to this difference in methodology, scores from years prior to and including 2011 should not be compared with scores from 2012 onward. An economy's rank indicates its position relative to the other economies or territories included in the index. It is important to keep in mind that an economy’s rank can change simply because new economies enter the index or others drop out.

Proportion of the population living on less than $2.15 a day, measured at 2017 international prices, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP).

Note: The PPP conversion factor for private consumption is the number of units of an economy’s currency required to buy the same amount of goods and/or services in the domestic market as a United States (US) dollar would buy in the US.

Proportion of the employed population living in households with per capita consumption or income below the international poverty line of $2.15 a day.

Note:

The proportion of working poor in total employment (also known as the working poverty rate) combines data on household income or consumption with labor force framework variables measured at the individual level, and sheds light on the relationship between household poverty and employment. The numbers are International Labour Organization modeled estimates.

Employed persons refer to all persons of working age who, during a short reference period such as a day or a week, performed work for others in exchange for pay or profit.

Proportion of the employed population living in households with per capita consumption or income below the international poverty line of $2.15 a day.

Note:

The proportion of working poor in total employment (also known as the working poverty rate) combines data on household income or consumption with labor force framework variables measured at the individual level, and sheds light on the relationship between household poverty and employment. The numbers are International Labour Organization modeled estimates.

Employed persons refer to all persons of working age who, during a short reference period such as a day or a week, performed work for others in exchange for pay or profit.

Proportion of the employed population living in households with per capita consumption or income below the international poverty line of $2.15 a day.

Note:

The proportion of working poor in total employment (also known as the working poverty rate) combines data on household income or consumption with labor force framework variables measured at the individual level, and sheds light on the relationship between household poverty and employment. The numbers are International Labour Organization modeled estimates.

Employed persons refer to all persons of working age who, during a short reference period such as a day or a week, performed work for others in exchange for pay or profit.

Proportion of the employed population living in households with per capita consumption or income below the international poverty line of $2.15 a day.

Note:

The proportion of working poor in total employment (also known as the working poverty rate) combines data on household income or consumption with labor force framework variables measured at the individual level, and sheds light on the relationship between household poverty and employment. The numbers are International Labour Organization modeled estimates.

Employed persons refer to all persons of working age who, during a short reference period such as a day or a week, performed work for others in exchange for pay or profit.

Proportion of the employed population living in households with per capita consumption or income below the international poverty line of $2.15 a day.

Note:

The proportion of working poor in total employment (also known as the working poverty rate) combines data on household income or consumption with labor force framework variables measured at the individual level, and sheds light on the relationship between household poverty and employment. The numbers are International Labour Organization modeled estimates.

Employed persons refer to all persons of working age who, during a short reference period such as a day or a week, performed work for others in exchange for pay or profit.

Percentage of the total population living below the national poverty line.

Note:

National poverty rates are defined at economy-specific poverty lines in local currencies, which are different in real terms across economies and different from the international poverty line of $2.15 a day. Thus, national poverty rates cannot be compared across economies or with the poverty rate of $2.15 a day.

Percentage of the total population living below the national poverty line.

Note:

National poverty rates are defined at economy-specific poverty lines in local currencies, which are different in real terms across economies and different from the international poverty line of $2.15 a day. Thus, national poverty rates cannot be compared across economies or with the poverty rate of $2.15 a day.

Percentage of the total population living below the national poverty line.

Note:

National poverty rates are defined at economy-specific poverty lines in local currencies, which are different in real terms across economies and different from the international poverty line of $2.15 a day. Thus, national poverty rates cannot be compared across economies or with the poverty rate of $2.15 a day.

Percentage of the population effectively covered by a social protection system, including social protection floors, which provide old age pensions, social security, and health insurance benefits.

Effective coverage of social protection is measured by the number of people who are either actively contributing to a social insurance scheme or receiving benefits (contributory or noncontributory). Coverage is expressed as a share of the respective population.

(i) Population covered by at least one social protection cash benefit: proportion of the total population receiving at least one contributory or noncontributory cash benefit, or actively contributing to at least one social security scheme.

(ii) Older persons receiving a pension: ratio of persons above statutory retirement age receiving an old-age pension to the number of persons above statutory retirement age (including contributory and noncontributory).

(iii) Poor persons receiving a social assistance cash benefit: ratio of social assistance recipients to the population living below the national poverty line.

(iv) Vulnerable persons receiving benefits: ratio of social assistance recipients to the total number of vulnerable persons (calculated by subtracting from total population all persons of working age who are contributing to a social insurance scheme or receiving contributory benefits and persons above retirement age receiving contributory benefits, i.e., pensions).

(vi) Children covered by social protection benefits: ratio of children or households receiving child or family cash benefits to the total number of children or households with children.

Percentage of the population effectively covered by a social protection system, including social protection floors, which provide old age pensions, social security, and health insurance benefits.

Effective coverage of social protection is measured by the number of people who are either actively contributing to a social insurance scheme or receiving benefits (contributory or noncontributory). Coverage is expressed as a share of the respective population.

(i) Population covered by at least one social protection cash benefit: proportion of the total population receiving at least one contributory or noncontributory cash benefit, or actively contributing to at least one social security scheme.

(ii) Older persons receiving a pension: ratio of persons above statutory retirement age receiving an old-age pension to the number of persons above statutory retirement age (including contributory and noncontributory).

(iii) Poor persons receiving a social assistance cash benefit: ratio of social assistance recipients to the population living below the national poverty line.

(iv) Vulnerable persons receiving benefits: ratio of social assistance recipients to the total number of vulnerable persons (calculated by subtracting from total population all persons of working age who are contributing to a social insurance scheme or receiving contributory benefits and persons above retirement age receiving contributory benefits, i.e., pensions).

(vi) Children covered by social protection benefits: ratio of children or households receiving child or family cash benefits to the total number of children or households with children.

Percentage of the population effectively covered by a social protection system, including social protection floors, which provide old age pensions, social security, and health insurance benefits.

Effective coverage of social protection is measured by the number of people who are either actively contributing to a social insurance scheme or receiving benefits (contributory or noncontributory). Coverage is expressed as a share of the respective population.

(i) Population covered by at least one social protection benefit (effective coverage): proportion of the total population receiving at least one contributory or noncontributory cash benefit, or actively contributing to at least one social security scheme.

(ii) Older persons: ratio of persons above statutory retirement age receiving an old-age pension to the number of persons above statutory retirement age (including contributory and noncontributory).

(iii) Poor persons covered by social assistance: ratio of social assistance recipients to the population living below the national poverty line.

(iv) Vulnerable persons covered by social assistance: ratio of social assistance recipients to the total number of vulnerable persons (defined as all children plus adults not covered by contributory benefits and persons above retirement age not receiving contributory benefits, i.e., pensions).

(v) Children: ratio of children or households receiving child or family cash benefits to the total number of children or households with children.

Percentage of the population effectively covered by a social protection system, including social protection floors, which provide old age pensions, social security, and health insurance benefits.

Effective coverage of social protection is measured by the number of people who are either actively contributing to a social insurance scheme or receiving benefits (contributory or noncontributory). Coverage is expressed as a share of the respective population.

(i) Population covered by at least one social protection benefit (effective coverage): proportion of the total population receiving at least one contributory or noncontributory cash benefit, or actively contributing to at least one social security scheme.

(ii) Older persons: ratio of persons above statutory retirement age receiving an old-age pension to the number of persons above statutory retirement age (including contributory and noncontributory).

(iii) Poor persons covered by social assistance: ratio of social assistance recipients to the population living below the national poverty line.

(iv) Vulnerable persons covered by social assistance: ratio of social assistance recipients to the total number of vulnerable persons (defined as all children plus adults not covered by contributory benefits and persons above retirement age not receiving contributory benefits, i.e., pensions).

(v) Children: ratio of children or households receiving child or family cash benefits to the total number of children or households with children.

Percentage of the population effectively covered by a social protection system, including social protection floors, which provide old age pensions, social security, and health insurance benefits.

Effective coverage of social protection is measured by the number of people who are either actively contributing to a social insurance scheme or receiving benefits (contributory or noncontributory). Coverage is expressed as a share of the respective population.

(i) Population covered by at least one social protection benefit (effective coverage): proportion of the total population receiving at least one contributory or noncontributory cash benefit, or actively contributing to at least one social security scheme.

(ii) Older persons: ratio of persons above statutory retirement age receiving an old-age pension to the number of persons above statutory retirement age (including contributory and noncontributory).

(iii) Poor persons covered by social assistance: ratio of social assistance recipients to the population living below the national poverty line.

(iv) Vulnerable persons covered by social assistance: ratio of social assistance recipients to the total number of vulnerable persons (defined as all children plus adults not covered by contributory benefits and persons above retirement age not receiving contributory benefits, i.e., pensions).

(v) Children: ratio of children or households receiving child or family cash benefits to the total number of children or households with children.

Total official development assistance (ODA) grants from all donors that focus on poverty reduction as a share of the recipient country’s gross national income.

The OECD/Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defines ODA as “flows to countries and territories on the DAC List of ODA Recipients and to multilateral institutions which are i) provided by official agencies, including state and local governments, or by their executive agencies; and ii) each transaction is administered with the promotion of the economic development and welfare of developing countries as its main objective; and is concessional in character and conveys a grant element of at least 25 per cent (calculated at a rate of discount of 10 per cent).

Poverty reduction items can be defined as ODA to basic social services (basic health, basic education, basic water and sanitation, population programmes and reproductive health) and developmental food aid.

Proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normal active and healthy life.

Note:

Undernourishment is defined as the condition by which a person has access, on a regular basis, to amounts of food that are insufficient to provide the energy required for conducting a normal, healthy, and active life, given his or her own dietary energy requirements.

Prevalence of stunting—height-for-age <-2 standard deviation from the median of WHO Child Growth Standards—among children under 5 years of age.

Note:

Child stunting refers to a child who is too short for his or her age as a result of chronic or recurrent malnutrition.

Prevalence of overweight—weight for height >+2 standard deviation from the median of WHO Child Growth Standards—among children under 5 years of age.

Note:

Child overweight refers to a child who is too heavy for his or her height.

Prevalence of wasting—weight for height <-2 standard deviation from the median of WHO Child Growth Standards—among children under 5 years of age.

Note:

Child wasting refers to a child who is too thin for his or her height as a result of recent rapid weight loss or the failure to gain weight.

The Agriculture Orientation Index for Government Expenditures is defined as the agriculture share of government expenditure, divided by the agriculture value-added share of gross domestic product (GDP), where “agriculture” refers to the agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting sector. The measure is a currency-free index, calculated as the ratio of these two shares. National governments are requested to compile government expenditures according to the Government Finance Statistics system and the Classification of Functions of Government, and agriculture value-added share of GDP according to the System of National Accounts.

Note:

Government Expenditure are all expenses and acquisition of nonfinancial assets associated with supporting a particular sector, as defined in the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014 developed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Gross disbursements of total official development assistance (ODA) and other official flows from all donors to the agriculture sector.

Note:

The Development Assistance Committee defines ODA as those flows to economies and territories on the committee’s List of ODA Recipients and to multilateral institutions which are:

(i) provided by official agencies, including state and local governments, or by their executive agencies; and

(ii) each transaction is administered with the promotion of the economic development and welfare of developing economies as its main objective; and

(iii) is concessional in character and conveys a grant element of at least 25% (calculated at a rate of discount of 10%).

Other Official Flows are defined as transactions by the official sector which do not meet the conditions for eligibility as ODA, either because they are not primarily aimed at development, or because they are not sufficiently concessional. They also exclude officially supported export credits.

Number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time period. It depicts the risk of maternal death relative to the number of live births and essentially captures the risk of death in a single pregnancy (proxied by a single live birth).

Note:

Maternal deaths refers to the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management (from direct or indirect obstetric death), but not from unintentional or incidental causes.

Percentage of childbirths attended by professional health personnel (generally doctors, nurses, or midwives, but can refer to other health professionals providing childbirth care). These are competent maternal and newborn health professionals educated, trained, and regulated to national and international standards. They are competent to:

(i) provide and promote evidence-based, human-rights based, quality, socioculturally sensitive, and dignified care to women and newborns;

(ii) facilitate physiological processes during labor and delivery to ensure a clean and positive childbirth experience; and

(iii) identify and manage or refer women and/or newborns with complications.

Note:

Having a skilled attendant at the time of delivery is an important lifesaving intervention for both mothers and babies. Not having access to this key assistance is detrimental to the health of women and newborns because it could cause the death of the women and/or the newborn or long-lasting morbidity. Achieving universal coverage for this indicator is therefore essential for reducing maternal and newborn mortality.

The probability of a child born in a specific year or period dying before reaching the age of 5 years, if subject to age specific mortality rates of that period, expressed per 1,000 live births.

Note:

The under-5 mortality rate as defined here is, strictly speaking, not a rate (i.e., the number of deaths divided by the number of population at risk during a certain period of time) but a probability of death derived from a life table and expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births.

Probability that a child born in a specific year or period will die during the first 28 completed days of life, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of that period, expressed per 1,000 live births.

Note:

Neonatal deaths (deaths among live births during the first 28 completed days of life) may be subdivided into early neonatal deaths, occurring during the first 7 days of life, and late neonatal deaths, occurring after the seventh day but before the 28th completed day of life.

Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 persons among the uninfected population.

Estimated number of new and relapse tuberculosis cases (all forms of tuberculosis, including cases in people living with HIV) arising in a given year, expressed as a rate per 100,000 population.

The number of new cases of malaria per 1,000 people at risk each year.

Probability of dying between the ages of 30 and 70 years from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory diseases, defined as the percentage of 30-year-old people who would die before their 70th birthday from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory disease, assuming that s/he would experience current mortality rates at every age and s/he would not die from any other cause of death (e.g., injuries or HIV/AIDS).

Note:

Probability of dying refers to the likelihood that an individual would die between two ages given current mortality rates at each age, calculated using life table methods. The probability of death between two ages may be called a mortality rate.

The number of suicide deaths in a year, divided by the population and multiplied by 100,000.

Number of road traffic fatal injury deaths per 100,000 population.

The percentage of women of reproductive age (15-49 years) currently using a modern method of contraception among those who desire either to have no (additional) children or to postpone the next pregnancy. The indicator is also referred to as the demand for family planning satisfied with modern methods.

Annual number of births to females aged 15–19 years per 1,000 females in the respective age group.

Coverage of essential health services is defined as the average coverage of essential services based on tracer interventions that include reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases and service capacity and access, among the general and the most disadvantaged population.

The indicator is an index reported on a unitless scale of 0 to 100, which is computed as the geometric mean of 14 tracer indicators of health service coverage.

Note:

The index of health service coverage is computed as the geometric means of tracer indicators. The tracer indicators are organized by four broad categories of service coverage:

(i) reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health;

(ii) infectious diseases;

(iii) noncommunicable diseases; and

(iv) service capacity and access.

Expressed as the number of deaths and death rate. Death rates are calculated by dividing the number of deaths by the total population (or indicated if a different population group is used, e.g., children under 5 years).

Note:

Evidence from epidemiological studies has shown that exposure to air pollution is linked to, among others, the important diseases taken into account in this estimate:

- acute respiratory infections (estimated in all age groups);

- cerebrovascular diseases (stroke) in adults (estimated above 25 years);

- ischemic heart diseases (IHD) in adults (estimated above 25 years);

- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adults (estimated above 25 years); and

- lung cancer in adults (estimated above 25 years).

Number of deaths from unsafe water, unsafe sanitation, and lack of hygiene —exposure to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene for all (WASH) services—in a year, divided by the population, and multiplied by 100,000.

Density of medical doctors: The density of medical doctors is defined as the number of medical doctors, including generalists and specialist medical practitioners, per 10,000 population in a given national and/or subnational area. The International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) unit group codes included in this category are 221, 2211, and 2212 of ISCO-08.

Density of nursing and midwifery personnel: The density of nursing and midwifery personnel is defined as the number of nursing and midwifery personnel per 10,000 population in a given national and/or subnational area. The ISCO-08 codes included in this category are 2221, 2222, 3221, and 3222.

The revised International Health Regulations (IHR) were adopted in 2005 and entered into force in 2007. Under the IHR, States Parties are obliged to develop and maintain minimum core capacities for surveillance and response, including at points of entry, in order to early detect, assess, notify, and respond to any potential public health events of international concern.

Article 54 of the IHR states that: States Parties and the Director-General shall report to the Health Assembly on the implementation of these Regulations as decided by the Health Assembly.

The IHR States Parties Self-Assessment Annual Reporting Tool is a means of capturing the levels of national capacity in areas of public health that States Parties are required to have in place throughout their territories pursuant to Articles 5 and 12, and Annex 1A of the IHR (2005) requirements.

Based on the lessons learned from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, the World Health Organization published the revised second edition of the IHR State Parties Self-Assessment Annual Reporting Tool in 2021 with new indicators related to gender equality in health emergencies, advocacy for IHR implementation, and community engagement, to name a few. The revisions are intended to improve the assessment of the IHR core capacities and the preparedness of State Parties for health emergencies. The indicator SDG 3.d.1 reflects the capacities State Parties of the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR) had agreed and committed to developing.

Note:

The second edition SPAR tool has been expanded from 13 to 15 capacities. The 15 core capacities are (1) Policy, legal and normative instruments to implement IHR; (2) IHR Coordination and National Focal Point Functions; (3) Financing; (4) Laboratory; (5) Surveillance; (6) Human resources; (7) Health emergency management (8) Health Service Provision; (9) Infection Prevention and Control; (10) Risk communication and community engagement; (11) Points of entry and border health; (12) Zoonotic diseases; (13) Food safety; (14) Chemical events; (15) Radiation emergencies.

Percentage of children and young people achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics at the end of primary education and at the end of lower secondary education. The minimum proficiency level will be measured relative to new common reading and mathematics scales currently in development.

Note:

This indicator is expressed as proportion of children and/or young people at the relevant stage of education in a given year achieving or exceeding the pre-defined proficiency level in a given subject.

Percentage of children and young people achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics at the end of primary education and at the end of lower secondary education. The minimum proficiency level will be measured relative to new common reading and mathematics scales currently in development.

Note:

This indicator is expressed as proportion of children and/or young people at the relevant stage of education in a given year achieving or exceeding the pre-defined proficiency level in a given subject.

Percentage of children and young people achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics at the end of primary education and at the end of lower secondary education. The minimum proficiency level will be measured relative to new common reading and mathematics scales currently in development.

Note:

This indicator is expressed as proportion of children and/or young people at the relevant stage of education in a given year achieving or exceeding the pre-defined proficiency level in a given subject.

Percentage of children and young people achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics at the end of primary education and at the end of lower secondary education. The minimum proficiency level will be measured relative to new common reading and mathematics scales currently in development.

Note:

This indicator is expressed as proportion of children and/or young people at the relevant stage of education in a given year achieving or exceeding the pre-defined proficiency level in a given subject.

Percentage of a cohort of children or young people aged 3-5 years above the intended age for the last grade of each level of education who have completed that grade.

Note:

A completion rate at or near 100% indicates that all or most children and adolescents have completed a level of education by the time they are 3 to 5 years older than the official age of entry into the last grade of that level of education. A low completion rate indicates low or delayed entry into a given level of education, high drop-out, high repetition, late completion, or a combination of these factors.

Percentage of a cohort of children or young people aged 3–5 years above the intended age for the last grade of each level of education who have completed that grade.

Note:

A completion rate at or near 100% indicates that all or most children and adolescents have completed a level of education by the time they are 3 to 5 years older than the official age of entry into the last grade of that level of education. A low completion rate indicates low or delayed entry into a given level of education, high drop-out, high repetition, late completion, or a combination of these factors.

Percentage of a cohort of children or young people aged 3–5 years above the intended age for the last grade of each level of education who have completed that grade.

Note:

A completion rate at or near 100% indicates that all or most children and adolescents have completed a level of education by the time they are 3 to 5 years older than the official age of entry into the last grade of that level of education. A low completion rate indicates low or delayed entry into a given level of education, high drop-out, high repetition, late completion, or a combination of these factors.

Percentage of children in the given age range who participate in one or more organized learning programs, including programs which offer a combination of education and care. Participation in early childhood and in primary education are both included. The age range will vary by economy depending on the official age for entry to primary education.

Note:

An organized learning program is one that consists of a coherent set or sequence of educational activities designed with the intention of achieving predetermined learning outcomes or the accomplishment of a specific set of educational tasks. Early childhood and primary education programs are examples of organized learning programs.

The official primary entry age is the age at which children are obliged to start primary education, according to national legislation or policies.

Percentage of children in the given age range who participate in one or more organized learning programs, including programs which offer a combination of education and care. Participation in early childhood and in primary education are both included. The age range will vary by economy depending on the official age for entry to primary education.

Note:

An organized learning program is one that consists of a coherent set or sequence of educational activities designed with the intention of achieving predetermined learning outcomes or the accomplishment of a specific set of educational tasks. Early childhood and primary education programs are examples of organized learning programs.

The official primary entry age is the age at which children are obliged to start primary education, according to national legislation or policies.

Percentage of children in the given age range who participate in one or more organized learning programs, including programs which offer a combination of education and care. Participation in early childhood and in primary education are both included. The age range will vary by economy depending on the official age for entry to primary education.

Note:

An organized learning program is one that consists of a coherent set or sequence of educational activities designed with the intention of achieving predetermined learning outcomes or the accomplishment of a specific set of educational tasks. Early childhood and primary education programs are examples of organized learning programs.

The official primary entry age is the age at which children are obliged to start primary education, according to national legislation or policies.

Percentage of teachers by level of education taught (pre-primary, primary, lower secondary, and upper secondary education) who have received at least the minimum organized pedagogical teacher training pre-service and in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in a given economy.

Note:

Number of teachers in a given level of education who are trained is expressed as a percentage of all teachers in that level of education.

A teacher is trained if they have received at least the minimum organized pedagogical teacher training pre-service and in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in each economy.

Percentage of teachers by level of education taught (pre-primary, primary, lower secondary, and upper secondary education) who have received at least the minimum organized pedagogical teacher training pre-service and in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in a given economy.

Note:

Number of teachers in a given level of education who are trained is expressed as a percentage of all teachers in that level of education.

A teacher is trained if they have received at least the minimum organized pedagogical teacher training pre-service and in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in each economy.

Percentage of teachers by level of education taught (pre-primary, primary, lower secondary, and upper secondary education) who have received at least the minimum organized pedagogical teacher training pre-service and in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in a given economy.

Note:

Number of teachers in a given level of education who are trained is expressed as a percentage of all teachers in that level of education.

A teacher is trained if they have received at least the minimum organized pedagogical teacher training pre-service and in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in each economy.

Percentage of teachers by level of education taught (pre-primary, primary, lower secondary, and upper secondary education) who have received at least the minimum organized pedagogical teacher training pre-service and in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in a given economy.

Note:

Number of teachers in a given level of education who are trained is expressed as a percentage of all teachers in that level of education.

A teacher is trained if they have received at least the minimum organized pedagogical teacher training pre-service and in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in each economy.

Percentage of children and young people achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics during primary education (Grade 2 or 3), at the end of primary education, and at the end of lower secondary education. The minimum proficiency level will be measured relative to new common reading and mathematics scales currently in development.↵↵Note:↵This indicator is expressed as proportion of children and/or young people at the relevant stage of education in a given year achieving or exceeding the predefined proficiency level in a given subject.

Percentage of children and young people achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics during primary education (Grade 2 or 3), at the end of primary education, and at the end of lower secondary education. The minimum proficiency level will be measured relative to new common reading and mathematics scales currently in development.↵↵Note:↵This indicator is expressed as proportion of children and/or young people at the relevant stage of education in a given year achieving or exceeding the predefined proficiency level in a given subject.

Proportion of women aged 20–24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 years and before age 18 years.

Note:

Both formal (i.e., marriages) and informal unions are covered under this indicator. Informal unions are generally defined as those in which a couple lives together (i.e., cohabits) for some time, intends to have a lasting relationship, but for which there has been no formal civil or religious ceremony.

Proportion of women aged 20–24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 years and before age 18 years.

Note:

Both formal (i.e., marriages) and informal unions are covered under this indicator. Informal unions are generally defined as those in which a couple lives together (i.e., cohabits) for some time, intends to have a lasting relationship, but for which there has been no formal civil or religious ceremony.

The proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments, as of 1 January of reporting year, is currently measured as the number of seats held by women members in single or lower chambers of national parliaments, expressed as a percentage of all occupied seats.

Note:

National parliaments can be bicameral or unicameral. This indicator covers the single chamber in unicameral parliaments and the lower chamber in bicameral parliaments. It does not cover the upper chamber of bicameral parliaments. Seats are usually won by members in general parliamentary elections. Seats may also be filled by nomination, appointment, indirect election, rotation of members, and by-election.

Seats refer to the number of parliamentary mandates, or the number of members of parliament.

Proportion of females in the total number of persons employed in senior and middle management. Senior and middle management correspond to major group 1 in International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO)-08 and ISCO-88, minus category 14 in ISCO-08 (hospitality, retail, and other services managers) and minus category 13 in ISCO-88 (general managers), since these comprise mainly managers of small enterprises.

Note:

The indicator provides information on the proportion of women who are employed in decision-making and managerial roles in government, large enterprises, and institutions, thus providing some insight into women’s power in decision-making and in the economy (especially compared to men's power in those areas).

Proportion of the population using safely managed drinking water services is currently being measured by the proportion of the population using an improved basic drinking water source that is located on premises, available when needed, and free of fecal (and priority chemical) contamination.

Note:

Improved drinking water sources include the following: piped water into a dwelling, yard, or plot; public taps or standpipes; boreholes or tubewells; protected dug wells; protected springs; packaged water; delivered water and rainwater.

“Located on premises”: a water source at the point of collection is within the dwelling, yard, or plot.

“Available when needed”: households are able to access sufficient quantities of water when needed.

“Free from fecal (and priority chemical) contamination”: water complies with relevant national or local standards.

In the absence of such standards, reference is made to the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-andhealth/water-safety-and-quality/drinking-water-quality-guidelines.

E. coli or thermotolerant coliforms are the preferred indicator for microbiological quality, and arsenic and fluoride are the priority chemicals for global reporting.

The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene estimates access to basic services for each economy, separately in urban and rural areas, by fitting a regression line to a series of data points from household surveys and censuses. This approach was used to report on use of ‘improved water’ sources for Millennium Development Goal monitoring. The JMP is evaluating the use of alternative statistical estimation methods as more data become available.

The JMP 2017 update and SDG baselines report describes in more detail how data on availability and quality from different sources, can be combined with data on use of different types of supplies, as recorded in the current JMP database to compute the safely managed drinking water services indicator. https://washdata.org/report/jmp-2017-report-final.

Proportion of the population using safely managed drinking water services is currently being measured by the proportion of the population using an improved basic drinking water source that is located on premises, available when needed, and free of fecal (and priority chemical) contamination.

Note:

Improved drinking water sources include the following: piped water into a dwelling, yard, or plot; public taps or standpipes; boreholes or tubewells; protected dug wells; protected springs; packaged water; delivered water and rainwater.

“Located on premises”: a water source at the point of collection is within the dwelling, yard, or plot.

“Available when needed”: households are able to access sufficient quantities of water when needed.

“Free from fecal (and priority chemical) contamination”: water complies with relevant national or local standards.

In the absence of such standards, reference is made to the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-andhealth/water-safety-and-quality/drinking-water-quality-guidelines.

E. coli or thermotolerant coliforms are the preferred indicator for microbiological quality, and arsenic and fluoride are the priority chemicals for global reporting.

The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene estimates access to basic services for each economy, separately in urban and rural areas, by fitting a regression line to a series of data points from household surveys and censuses. This approach was used to report on use of ‘improved water’ sources for Millennium Development Goal monitoring. The JMP is evaluating the use of alternative statistical estimation methods as more data become available.

The JMP 2017 update and SDG baselines report describes in more detail how data on availability and quality from different sources, can be combined with data on use of different types of supplies, as recorded in the current JMP database to compute the safely managed drinking water services indicator. https://washdata.org/report/jmp-2017-report-final.

Proportion of the population using safely managed drinking water services is currently being measured by the proportion of the population using an improved basic drinking water source that is located on premises, available when needed, and free of fecal (and priority chemical) contamination.

Note:

Improved drinking water sources include the following: piped water into a dwelling, yard, or plot; public taps or standpipes; boreholes or tubewells; protected dug wells; protected springs; packaged water; delivered water and rainwater.

“Located on premises”: a water source at the point of collection is within the dwelling, yard, or plot.

“Available when needed”: households are able to access sufficient quantities of water when needed.

“Free from fecal (and priority chemical) contamination”: water complies with relevant national or local standards.

In the absence of such standards, reference is made to the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-andhealth/water-safety-and-quality/drinking-water-quality-guidelines.

E. coli or thermotolerant coliforms are the preferred indicator for microbiological quality, and arsenic and fluoride are the priority chemicals for global reporting.

The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene estimates access to basic services for each economy, separately in urban and rural areas, by fitting a regression line to a series of data points from household surveys and censuses. This approach was used to report on use of ‘improved water’ sources for Millennium Development Goal monitoring. The JMP is evaluating the use of alternative statistical estimation methods as more data become available.

The JMP 2017 update and SDG baselines report describes in more detail how data on availability and quality from different sources, can be combined with data on use of different types of supplies, as recorded in the current JMP database to compute the safely managed drinking water services indicator. https://washdata.org/report/jmp-2017-report-final.

The proportion of the population using a basic sanitation facility, including handwashing facility with soap and water, that is not shared with other households and where excreta is safely disposed in situ or treated off-site.

Note:

Improved sanitation facilities include flush or pour-flush toilets to sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines, ventilated improved pit latrines, pit latrines with a slab, and composting toilets.

“Safely disposed in situ”: when pit latrines and septic tanks are not emptied, the excreta may still remain isolated from human contact and can be considered safely managed. For example, with the new SDG indicator, households that use twin pit latrines or safely abandon full pit latrines and dig new facilities, a common practice in rural areas, would be counted as using safely managed sanitation services.

“Treated offsite”: not all excreta from toilet facilities conveyed in sewers (as wastewater) or emptied from pit latrines and septic tanks (as faecal sludge) reaches a treatment site. For instance, a portion may leak from the sewer itself or, due to broken pumping installations, be discharged directly to the environment. Similarly, a portion of the faecal sludge emptied from containers may be discharged into open drains, to open ground or water bodies, rather than being transported to a treatment plant. And finally, even once the excreta reach a treatment plant a portion may remain untreated, due to dysfunctional treatment equipment or inadequate treatment capacity, and be discharged to the environment. For the purposes of SDG monitoring, adequacy of treatment will initially be assessed based on the reported level of treatment.

“A handwashing facility with soap and water”: a handwashing facility is a device to contain, transport or regulate the flow of water to facilitate handwashing.

The proportion of the population using a basic sanitation facility, including handwashing facility with soap and water, that is not shared with other households and where excreta is safely disposed in situ or treated off-site.

Note:

Improved sanitation facilities include flush or pour-flush toilets to sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines, ventilated improved pit latrines, pit latrines with a slab, and composting toilets.

“Safely disposed in situ”: when pit latrines and septic tanks are not emptied, the excreta may still remain isolated from human contact and can be considered safely managed. For example, with the new SDG indicator, households that use twin pit latrines or safely abandon full pit latrines and dig new facilities, a common practice in rural areas, would be counted as using safely managed sanitation services.

“Treated offsite”: not all excreta from toilet facilities conveyed in sewers (as wastewater) or emptied from pit latrines and septic tanks (as faecal sludge) reaches a treatment site. For instance, a portion may leak from the sewer itself or, due to broken pumping installations, be discharged directly to the environment. Similarly, a portion of the faecal sludge emptied from containers may be discharged into open drains, to open ground or water bodies, rather than being transported to a treatment plant. And finally, even once the excreta reach a treatment plant a portion may remain untreated, due to dysfunctional treatment equipment or inadequate treatment capacity, and be discharged to the environment. For the purposes of SDG monitoring, adequacy of treatment will initially be assessed based on the reported level of treatment.

“A handwashing facility with soap and water”: a handwashing facility is a device to contain, transport or regulate the flow of water to facilitate handwashing.

The proportion of the population using a basic sanitation facility, including handwashing facility with soap and water, that is not shared with other households and where excreta is safely disposed in situ or treated off-site.

Note:

Improved sanitation facilities include flush or pour-flush toilets to sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines, ventilated improved pit latrines, pit latrines with a slab, and composting toilets.

“Safely disposed in situ”: when pit latrines and septic tanks are not emptied, the excreta may still remain isolated from human contact and can be considered safely managed. For example, with the new SDG indicator, households that use twin pit latrines or safely abandon full pit latrines and dig new facilities, a common practice in rural areas, would be counted as using safely managed sanitation services.

“Treated offsite”: not all excreta from toilet facilities conveyed in sewers (as wastewater) or emptied from pit latrines and septic tanks (as faecal sludge) reaches a treatment site. For instance, a portion may leak from the sewer itself or, due to broken pumping installations, be discharged directly to the environment. Similarly, a portion of the faecal sludge emptied from containers may be discharged into open drains, to open ground or water bodies, rather than being transported to a treatment plant. And finally, even once the excreta reach a treatment plant a portion may remain untreated, due to dysfunctional treatment equipment or inadequate treatment capacity, and be discharged to the environment. For the purposes of SDG monitoring, adequacy of treatment will initially be assessed based on the reported level of treatment.

“A handwashing facility with soap and water”: a handwashing facility is a device to contain, transport or regulate the flow of water to facilitate handwashing.

The level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawn by all major sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after taking into account environmental water requirements.

Note:

Total freshwater withdrawal is the volume of freshwater extracted from its source (rivers, lakes, aquifers) for agriculture, industries, and municipalities. Freshwater withdrawal includes primary freshwater (not withdrawn before), secondary freshwater (previously withdrawn and returned to rivers and groundwater, such as discharged wastewater and agricultural drainage water) and fossil groundwater. Main sectors, as defined by International Standard Industrial Classification standards, include agriculture, forestry and fishing, manufacturing, electricity industry, and services. Environmental water requirements are the quantities of water required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems. This indicator is also known as water withdrawal intensity.

Total renewable freshwater resources are expressed as the sum of internal and external renewable water resources.

Internal renewable water resources are defined as the long-term average annual flow of rivers and recharge of groundwater, generated from endogenous precipitation, for a given economy.

External renewable water resources refer to the flows of water entering the economy, taking into consideration the quantity of flows reserved to upstream and downstream economies through agreements or treaties.

Amount of water- and sanitation-related ODA that is part of a government-coordinated spending plan is defined as the proportion of total water- and sanitation-related ODA disbursements that are included in the government budget.

Note:

The amount of water- and sanitation-related ODA is a quantifiable measurement as a proxy for “international cooperation and capacity development support” in financial terms.

A low value of this indicator (near 0%) would suggest that international donors are investing in water- and sanitation-related activities and programs in the economy, outside the purview of the national government. A high value (near 100%) would indicate that donors are aligned with the national government and national policies and plans for water and sanitation.

Percentage of the population with access to electricity.

Note:

Access to electricity addresses major critical issues in all the dimensions of sustainable development. The target has a wide range of social and economic impacts, including facilitating development of household-based income-generating activities and lightening the burden of household tasks.

Percentage of the population with access to electricity.

Note:

Access to electricity addresses major critical issues in all the dimensions of sustainable development. The target has a wide range of social and economic impacts, including facilitating development of household-based income-generating activities and lightening the burden of household tasks.

Percentage of the population with access to electricity.

Note:

Access to electricity addresses major critical issues in all the dimensions of sustainable development. The target has a wide range of social and economic impacts, including facilitating development of household-based income-generating activities and lightening the burden of household tasks.

Number of people using clean fuels and technologies for cooking, heating and lighting divided by total population reporting that any cooking, heating or lighting, expressed as percentage. “Clean” is defined by the emission rate targets and specific fuel recommendations (i.e. against unprocessed coal and kerosene) included in the normative guidance WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion.

Percentage change in the real GDP per capita between 2 consecutive years.

Note:

Real GDP per capita is calculated by dividing GDP at constant prices by the population of an economy or area. The data for real GDP is measured in constant US dollars to facilitate the calculation of economy growth rates and aggregation of the economy data.

Annual percentage change in real GDP per employed person.

Note:

The real GDP per employed person being a measure of labor productivity, this indicator represents a measure of labor productivity growth, thus providing information on the evolution, efficiency and

quality of human capital in the production process.

Percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Note:

Unemployed persons are defined as all those of working age (usually persons aged 15 and above) who were not in employment, carried out activities to seek employment during a specified recent period, and were currently available to take up employment given a job opportunity, where:

(i) “not in employment” is assessed with respect to the short reference period for the measurement of employment;

(ii) to “seek employment” refers to any activity when carried out, during a specified recent period comprising the past 4 weeks or 1 month, for the purpose of finding a job or setting up a business or agricultural undertaking;

(iii) the point when the enterprise starts to exist should be used to distinguish between search activities aimed at setting up a business and the work activity itself, as evidenced by the enterprise’s registration to operate or by when financial resources become available, the necessary infrastructure or materials are in place, or the first client or order is received, depending on the context; and

(iv) “currently available” serves as a test of readiness to start a job in the present, assessed with respect to a short reference period comprising that used to measure employment (depending on national circumstances, the reference period may be extended to include a short subsequent period not exceeding 2 weeks in total, so as to ensure adequate coverage of unemployment situations among different population groups).

Percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Note:

Unemployed persons are defined as all those of working age (usually persons aged 15 and above) who were not in employment, carried out activities to seek employment during a specified recent period, and were currently available to take up employment given a job opportunity, where:

(i) “not in employment” is assessed with respect to the short reference period for the measurement of employment;

(ii) to “seek employment” refers to any activity when carried out, during a specified recent period comprising the past 4 weeks or 1 month, for the purpose of finding a job or setting up a business or agricultural undertaking;

(iii) the point when the enterprise starts to exist should be used to distinguish between search activities aimed at setting up a business and the work activity itself, as evidenced by the enterprise’s registration to operate or by when financial resources become available, the necessary infrastructure or materials are in place, or the first client or order is received, depending on the context; and

(iv) “currently available” serves as a test of readiness to start a job in the present, assessed with respect to a short reference period comprising that used to measure employment (depending on national circumstances, the reference period may be extended to include a short subsequent period not exceeding 2 weeks in total, so as to ensure adequate coverage of unemployment situations among different population groups).

Percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Note:

Unemployed persons are defined as all those of working age (usually persons aged 15 and above) who were not in employment, carried out activities to seek employment during a specified recent period, and were currently available to take up employment given a job opportunity, where:

(i) “not in employment” is assessed with respect to the short reference period for the measurement of employment;

(ii) to “seek employment” refers to any activity when carried out, during a specified recent period comprising the past 4 weeks or 1 month, for the purpose of finding a job or setting up a business or agricultural undertaking;

(iii) the point when the enterprise starts to exist should be used to distinguish between search activities aimed at setting up a business and the work activity itself, as evidenced by the enterprise’s registration to operate or by when financial resources become available, the necessary infrastructure or materials are in place, or the first client or order is received, depending on the context; and

(iv) “currently available” serves as a test of readiness to start a job in the present, assessed with respect to a short reference period comprising that used to measure employment (depending on national circumstances, the reference period may be extended to include a short subsequent period not exceeding 2 weeks in total, so as to ensure adequate coverage of unemployment situations among different population groups).

Percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Note:

Unemployed persons are defined as all those of working age (usually persons aged 15 and above) who were not in employment, carried out activities to seek employment during a specified recent period, and were currently available to take up employment given a job opportunity, where:

(i) “not in employment” is assessed with respect to the short reference period for the measurement of employment;

(ii) to “seek employment” refers to any activity when carried out, during a specified recent period comprising the past 4 weeks or 1 month, for the purpose of finding a job or setting up a business or agricultural undertaking;

(iii) the point when the enterprise starts to exist should be used to distinguish between search activities aimed at setting up a business and the work activity itself, as evidenced by the enterprise’s registration to operate or by when financial resources become available, the necessary infrastructure or materials are in place, or the first client or order is received, depending on the context; and

(iv) “currently available” serves as a test of readiness to start a job in the present, assessed with respect to a short reference period comprising that used to measure employment (depending on national circumstances, the reference period may be extended to include a short subsequent period not exceeding 2 weeks in total, so as to ensure adequate coverage of unemployment situations among different population groups).

Percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Note:

Unemployed persons are defined as all those of working age (usually persons aged 15 and above) who were not in employment, carried out activities to seek employment during a specified recent period, and were currently available to take up employment given a job opportunity, where:

(i) “not in employment” is assessed with respect to the short reference period for the measurement of employment;

(ii) to “seek employment” refers to any activity when carried out, during a specified recent period comprising the past 4 weeks or 1 month, for the purpose of finding a job or setting up a business or agricultural undertaking;

(iii) the point when the enterprise starts to exist should be used to distinguish between search activities aimed at setting up a business and the work activity itself, as evidenced by the enterprise’s registration to operate or by when financial resources become available, the necessary infrastructure or materials are in place, or the first client or order is received, depending on the context; and

(iv) “currently available” serves as a test of readiness to start a job in the present, assessed with respect to a short reference period comprising that used to measure employment (depending on national circumstances, the reference period may be extended to include a short subsequent period not exceeding 2 weeks in total, so as to ensure adequate coverage of unemployment situations among different population groups).

Percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Note:

Unemployed persons are defined as all those of working age (usually persons aged 15 and above) who were not in employment, carried out activities to seek employment during a specified recent period, and were currently available to take up employment given a job opportunity, where:

(i) “not in employment” is assessed with respect to the short reference period for the measurement of employment;

(ii) to “seek employment” refers to any activity when carried out, during a specified recent period comprising the past 4 weeks or 1 month, for the purpose of finding a job or setting up a business or agricultural undertaking;

(iii) the point when the enterprise starts to exist should be used to distinguish between search activities aimed at setting up a business and the work activity itself, as evidenced by the enterprise’s registration to operate or by when financial resources become available, the necessary infrastructure or materials are in place, or the first client or order is received, depending on the context; and

(iv) “currently available” serves as a test of readiness to start a job in the present, assessed with respect to a short reference period comprising that used to measure employment (depending on national circumstances, the reference period may be extended to include a short subsequent period not exceeding 2 weeks in total, so as to ensure adequate coverage of unemployment situations among different population groups).

Percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Note:

Unemployed persons are defined as all those of working age (usually persons aged 15 and above) who were not in employment, carried out activities to seek employment during a specified recent period, and were currently available to take up employment given a job opportunity, where:

(i) “not in employment” is assessed with respect to the short reference period for the measurement of employment;

(ii) to “seek employment” refers to any activity when carried out, during a specified recent period comprising the past 4 weeks or 1 month, for the purpose of finding a job or setting up a business or agricultural undertaking;

(iii) the point when the enterprise starts to exist should be used to distinguish between search activities aimed at setting up a business and the work activity itself, as evidenced by the enterprise’s registration to operate or by when financial resources become available, the necessary infrastructure or materials are in place, or the first client or order is received, depending on the context; and

(iv) “currently available” serves as a test of readiness to start a job in the present, assessed with respect to a short reference period comprising that used to measure employment (depending on national circumstances, the reference period may be extended to include a short subsequent period not exceeding 2 weeks in total, so as to ensure adequate coverage of unemployment situations among different population groups).

Percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Note:

Unemployed persons are defined as all those of working age (usually persons aged 15 and above) who were not in employment, carried out activities to seek employment during a specified recent period, and were currently available to take up employment given a job opportunity, where:

(i) “not in employment” is assessed with respect to the short reference period for the measurement of employment;

(ii) to “seek employment” refers to any activity when carried out, during a specified recent period comprising the past 4 weeks or 1 month, for the purpose of finding a job or setting up a business or agricultural undertaking;

(iii) the point when the enterprise starts to exist should be used to distinguish between search activities aimed at setting up a business and the work activity itself, as evidenced by the enterprise’s registration to operate or by when financial resources become available, the necessary infrastructure or materials are in place, or the first client or order is received, depending on the context; and

(iv) “currently available” serves as a test of readiness to start a job in the present, assessed with respect to a short reference period comprising that used to measure employment (depending on national circumstances, the reference period may be extended to include a short subsequent period not exceeding 2 weeks in total, so as to ensure adequate coverage of unemployment situations among different population groups).

Percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Note:

Unemployed persons are defined as all those of working age (usually persons aged 15 and above) who were not in employment, carried out activities to seek employment during a specified recent period, and were currently available to take up employment given a job opportunity, where:

(i) “not in employment” is assessed with respect to the short reference period for the measurement of employment;

(ii) to “seek employment” refers to any activity when carried out, during a specified recent period comprising the past 4 weeks or 1 month, for the purpose of finding a job or setting up a business or agricultural undertaking;

(iii) the point when the enterprise starts to exist should be used to distinguish between search activities aimed at setting up a business and the work activity itself, as evidenced by the enterprise’s registration to operate or by when financial resources become available, the necessary infrastructure or materials are in place, or the first client or order is received, depending on the context; and

(iv) “currently available” serves as a test of readiness to start a job in the present, assessed with respect to a short reference period comprising that used to measure employment (depending on national circumstances, the reference period may be extended to include a short subsequent period not exceeding 2 weeks in total, so as to ensure adequate coverage of unemployment situations among different population groups).

Proportion of youth (aged 15–24 years) who are not in education, employment, or training, also known as "the NEET rate". It conveys the number of young persons not in education, employment, or training as a percentage of the total youth population.

The number of children aged 5–17 years reported to be in child labor during the reference period (usually the week prior to the survey). The proportion of children in child labor is calculated as the number of children in child labor, divided by the total number of children in the population.

The number of children aged 5–17 years reported to be in child labor during the reference period (usually the week prior to the survey). The proportion of children in child labor is calculated as the number of children in child labor, divided by the total number of children in the population.

The number of children aged 5–17 years reported to be in child labor during the reference period (usually the week prior to the survey). The proportion of children in child labor is calculated as the number of children in child labor, divided by the total number of children in the population.

The number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults refers to the number of commercial banks branches reported by the central bank or the main financial regulator of the economy every year. To make it comparable, this number is presented as a reference per 100,000 adults in the respective economy.

The number of ATMs per 100,000 adults, refers to the number of ATMs in the economy for all types of institutions, such as commercial banks, non-deposit-taking microfinance institutions, deposit-taking microfinance institutions, credit unions, financial cooperatives, and others. This information is reported every year by the central bank or the main financial regulator of the economy. To make it comparable, this number is presented as a reference per 100,000 adults in the respective economy.

Percentage of adults (aged 15+) who report having an account (of their own or held with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution or have personally used a mobile-money service in the past 12 months.

Aid for Trade commitments and disbursements is the gross disbursements and commitments of total Official Development Assistance (ODA) from all donors for aid for trade.

Aid for Trade commitments and disbursements is the gross disbursements and commitments of total Official Development Assistance (ODA) from all donors for aid for trade.

Manufacturing value-added (MVA) as a proportion of GDP is a ratio between MVA and GDP, both reported in constant 2015 US dollars.

MVA per capita is calculated by dividing MVA in constant 2015 US dollars by the population of an economy or area.

Share of manufacturing employment in total employment.

Amount of research and development expenditure divided by the total output of the economy.

Number of research and development workers per 1 million people.

Gross disbursements of total ODA and other official flows from all donors in support of infrastructure.

Ratio of the value-added by medium- and high-tech (MHT) industry to total MVA.

Note:

Industrial development generally entails a structural transition from resource-based and low-tech activities to MHT activities. A modern, highly complex production structure offers better opportunities for skills development and technological innovation. MHT activities are also the high-value addition industries of manufacturing with higher technological intensity and labor productivity. Increasing the share of MHT sectors also reflects the impact of innovation.

Proportion of the population covered by a mobile network, broken down by technology, refers to the percentage of inhabitants living within range of a mobile-cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are mobile-phone subscribers or users. This is calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants within range of a mobile-cellular signal by the total population and multiplying by 100.

Note:

Coverage refers to Long-Term Evolution (LTE), broadband (3G), and narrowband (2G) mobile-cellular technologies:

2G mobile population coverage refers to the percentage of inhabitants within range of a mobile networks with access to data communications (e.g. Internet) at downstream speeds below 256 Kbit/s. This includes mobile-cellular technologies such as general packet radio service (GPRS), code division multiple access (CDMA) 2000 1x and most enhanced data for GSM (global system for mobile communications) evolution (EDGE) implementations.

3G population coverage refers to the percentage of inhabitants that are within range of at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers.

Long-term evolution (LTE) population coverage refers to the percentage of inhabitants that live within range of LTE/LTE-Advanced, mobile WiMAX/WirelessMAN or other more advanced mobile-cellular networks, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers.

Proportion of the population covered by a mobile network, broken down by technology, refers to the percentage of inhabitants living within range of a mobile-cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are mobile-phone subscribers or users. This is calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants within range of a mobile-cellular signal by the total population and multiplying by 100.

Note:

Coverage refers to Long-Term Evolution (LTE), broadband (3G), and narrowband (2G) mobile-cellular technologies:

2G mobile population coverage refers to the percentage of inhabitants within range of a mobile networks with access to data communications (e.g. Internet) at downstream speeds below 256 Kbit/s. This includes mobile-cellular technologies such as general packet radio service (GPRS), code division multiple access (CDMA) 2000 1x and most enhanced data for GSM (global system for mobile communications) evolution (EDGE) implementations.

3G population coverage refers to the percentage of inhabitants that are within range of at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers.

Long-term evolution (LTE) population coverage refers to the percentage of inhabitants that live within range of LTE/LTE-Advanced, mobile WiMAX/WirelessMAN or other more advanced mobile-cellular networks, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers.

Proportion of the population covered by a mobile network, broken down by technology, refers to the percentage of inhabitants living within range of a mobile-cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are mobile-phone subscribers or users. This is calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants within range of a mobile-cellular signal by the total population and multiplying by 100.

Note:

Coverage refers to Long-Term Evolution (LTE), broadband (3G), and narrowband (2G) mobile-cellular technologies:

2G mobile population coverage refers to the percentage of inhabitants within range of a mobile networks with access to data communications (e.g. Internet) at downstream speeds below 256 Kbit/s. This includes mobile-cellular technologies such as general packet radio service (GPRS), code division multiple access (CDMA) 2000 1x and most enhanced data for GSM (global system for mobile communications) evolution (EDGE) implementations.

3G population coverage refers to the percentage of inhabitants that are within range of at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers.

Long-term evolution (LTE) population coverage refers to the percentage of inhabitants that live within range of LTE/LTE-Advanced, mobile WiMAX/WirelessMAN or other more advanced mobile-cellular networks, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers.

The growth rate in the welfare aggregate of the bottom 40% of the population is calculated as the annualized average growth rate in per capita real consumption or income of the bottom 40% of the income distribution in an economy from household surveys over a period of approximately 5 years.

The national average growth rate in the welfare aggregate is calculated as the annualized average growth rate in per capita real consumption or income of the total population in an economy from household surveys over a period of approximately 5 years.

The proportion of the urban population that lives in slums or informal settlements as well as those living in inadequate housing.

Note:

Most of the criteria for defining slums, informal settlements, and inadequate housing overlap. The criteria for informal settlements are essentially captured in the definition of slums, which combines both slums and informal settlements as one entity. Slums and informal settlements are therefore combined into one component of the indicator, providing some continuity with what was captured under Millennium Development Goal 7. At a later stage, a composite index will be developed that will incorporate all measures (combining slums, informal settlements, and inadequate housing) to provide one estimate.

Material footprint is the attribution of global material extraction to domestic final demand of an economy. The total material footprint is the sum of the material footprint for biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores, and nonmetal ores. This indicator is calculated as raw material equivalent of imports plus domestic extraction minus raw material equivalents of exports. For the attribution of the primary material needs of final demand, a global, multiregional input-output framework is employed.

Material footprint is the attribution of global material extraction to domestic final demand of an economy. The total material footprint is the sum of the material footprint for biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores, and nonmetal ores. This indicator is calculated as raw material equivalent of imports plus domestic extraction minus raw material equivalents of exports. For the attribution of the primary material needs of final demand, a global, multiregional input-output framework is employed.

Domestic material consumption (DMC) is a standard material flow accounting indicator and reports the apparent consumption of materials in a national economy.

Note:

DMC reports the amount of materials that are used in a national economy. DMC is a territorial (production side) indicator. DMC also presents the amount of material that needs to be handled within an economy, which is either added to material stocks of buildings and transport infrastructure or used to fuel the economy as material throughput. DMC describes the physical dimension of economic processes and interactions. It can also be interpreted as long-term waste equivalent. Per capita DMC describes the average level of material use in an economy – an environmental pressure indicator – and is also referred to as metabolic profile.

Domestic material consumption (DMC) is a standard material flow accounting indicator and reports the apparent consumption of materials in a national economy.

Note:

DMC reports the amount of materials that are used in a national economy. DMC is a territorial (production side) indicator. DMC also presents the amount of material that needs to be handled within an economy, which is either added to material stocks of buildings and transport infrastructure or used to fuel the economy as material throughput. DMC describes the physical dimension of economic processes and interactions. It can also be interpreted as long-term waste equivalent. Per capita DMC describes the average level of material use in an economy – an environmental pressure indicator – and is also referred to as metabolic profile.

Number of people who were directly affected by disasters.

Note:

Directly affected means people who have suffered injury, illness, or other health effects; who were evacuated, displaced, or relocated; or have suffered direct damage to their livelihoods, economic, physical, social, cultural, and/or environmental assets.

The number of people who died during disaster, or directly after, as a direct result of the hazardous event.

Economies that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies.

Note:

The score of adoption and implementation of national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework (Index) was developed to monitor progress and achievement against Indicator 13.1.2. The score of an economy indicates its compliance of alignment of national strategies with the Sendai Framework based on selfassessments of the economy using 10 criteria for monitoring the progress of national disaster risk reduction strategies.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (the Sendai Framework) was adopted by United Nations Member States in March 2015 as a global policy of disaster risk reduction. One of the targets is to: “Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020”. In line with the Sendai Framework, disaster risk reduction strategies and policies should mainstream and integrate disaster risk reduction within and across all sectors; across different time scales; and with specified targets, indicators, and time frames. These strategies should be aimed at preventing the creation of disaster risk; the reduction of existing risk; and the strengthening of economic, social, health, and environmental resilience. The open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating to disaster risk reduction, established by the United Nations General Assembly (resolution 69/284), has developed a set of indicators (last updated 1 February 2018) to measure global progress in the implementation of the Sendai Framework. The relevant SDG indicators reflect the Sendai Framework indicators.

Note: Member States count the number of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the national strategy and express it as a percentage of the total number of local governments in the economy.

The indicator shows trends over time in the mean percentage of each important site for marine biodiversity (i.e., those that contribute significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity) that is covered by designated protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures.

Note:

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines protected areas as clearly defined geographical spaces, recognized, dedicated, and managed through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Importantly, a variety of specific management objectives are recognized within this definition, spanning conservation, restoration, and sustainable use.

The status “designated” is attributed to a protected area when the corresponding authority, according to national legislation or common practice (e.g., by means of an executive decree or the like), officially endorses a document of designation. The designation must be made for the purpose of biodiversity conservation, not de facto protection arising because of some other activity (e.g., military).

Size of forest cover in relation to land area.

Note:

Forest is defined as “land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10%, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use”. Land area is the area of an economy excluding area under inland waters and coastal waters.

Proportion of important sites for terrestrial biodiversity that are covered by protected areas and contribute significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity. They are covered by designated protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs).

The status “designated” is attributed to a protected area when the corresponding authority, according to national legislation or common practice (e.g., by means of an executive decree or the like), officially endorses a document of designation. The designation must be made for the purpose of biodiversity conservation, not de facto protection arising because of some other activity (e.g., military).

OECMs are defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as “A geographically defined area other than a Protected Area, which is governed and managed in ways that achieve positive and sustained long-term outcomes for the in-situ conservation of biodiversity, with associated ecosystem functions and services, and where applicable, cultural, spiritual, socioeconomic, and other locally relevant values.”

Proportion of important sites for freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas and contribute significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity. They are covered by designated protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs).

The status “designated” is attributed to a protected area when the corresponding authority, according to national legislation or common practice (e.g., by means of an executive decree or the like), officially endorses a document of designation. The designation must be made for the purpose of biodiversity conservation, not de facto protection arising because of some other activity (e.g., military).

OECMs are defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as “A geographically defined area other than a Protected Area, which is governed and managed in ways that achieve positive and sustained long-term outcomes for the in-situ conservation of biodiversity, with associated ecosystem functions and services, and where applicable, cultural, spiritual, socioeconomic, and other locally relevant values.”

Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity shows temporal trends in the mean percentage of each important site for mountain biodiversity (i.e., those that contribute significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity) that is covered by designated protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs).

The status “designated” is attributed to a protected area when the corresponding authority, according to national legislation or common practice (e.g., by means of an executive decree or the like), officially endorses a document of designation. The designation must be made for the purpose of biodiversity conservation, not de facto protection arising because of some other activity (e.g., military).

OECMs are defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as “A geographically defined area other than a Protected Area, which is governed and managed in ways that achieve positive and sustained long-term outcomes for the in-situ conservation of biodiversity, with associated ecosystem functions and services, and where applicable, cultural, spiritual, socio–economic, and other locally relevant values.”

The Red List Index measures changes in aggregate extinction risk across groups of species. It is based on genuine changes in the number of species in each category of extinction risk on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2015), which is expressed as changes in an index ranging from 0 to 1.

Note:

The Red List Index value ranges from 1 (all species are categorized as “Least Concern”) to 0 (all species are categorized as “Extinct”), indicating how far the set of species has moved overall toward extinction.

Threatened species are those listed on The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in the categories Vulnerable, Endangered, or Critically Endangered (i.e., species that are facing a high, very high, or extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future).

Total count of victims of intentional homicide divided by the total population, expressed per 100,000 population. Intentional homicide is defined as the unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury (International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes, ICCS 2015). Population refers to total resident population in a given economy in a given year.

Note:

This indicator is widely used at national and international levels to measure the most extreme form of violent crime, providing a direct indication of lack of security.

Total number of persons held in detention who have not yet been sentenced, as a percentage of the total number of persons held in detention, on a specified date.

Proportion of firms that were asked for a gift or informal payment when meeting with tax officials.

Note:

This indicator aims to ascertain whether or not firms have been solicited for gifts or informal payments (i.e., bribes) when meeting with tax officials. Paying taxes are required of formal forms in most economies, and the rationale for this indicator is to measure the incidence of corruption during this routine interaction.

Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority.

Percentage of debt services (principle and interest payments) to the exports of goods and services. Debt services covered in this indicator refer only to public and publicly guaranteed debt.

Note:

Concepts of public and publicly guaranteed external debt and exports of goods and services data are in accordance with the sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6) methodology.

Gross disbursements of total ODA and other official flows from all donors for capacity-building and national planning.

Note:

ODA refers to “those flows to economies and territories on the Development Assistance Committee List of ODA Recipients and to multilateral institutions which are (i) provided by official agencies, including state and local governments, or by their executive agencies; and (ii) each transaction is administered with the promotion of the economic development and welfare of developing economies as its main objective; and is concessional in character and conveys a grant element of at least 25% (calculated at a rate of discount of 10%).

Other official flows (excluding officially supported export credits) are defined as transactions by the official sector that do not meet the conditions for eligibility as ODA, either because they are not primarily aimed at development or because they are not sufficiently concessional.

Count of economies that are either (i) implementing a strategy, (ii) designing a strategy, or (iii) awaiting adoption of a strategy in the current year.

Note:

The indicator is based on the annual Status Report on National Strategies for the Development of Statistics. In collaboration with its partners, PARIS21 reports on economy progress in designing and implementing national statistical plans.

This indicator can be disaggregated by geographical area. Regional-level aggregates are based on the total count of national strategies.

US dollar value of ongoing statistical support in developing economies.

Note:

The indicator is based on the Partner Report on Support to Statistics, which is designed and administered by PARIS21 to provide a snapshot of the US dollar value of ongoing statistical support in developing economies.

Economies that have conducted at least one population and housing census in the past 10 years. This includes economies that compile their detailed population and housing statistics from population registers, administrative records, sample surveys, other sources, or a combination of those sources.